ArticleInfection and immunity2014
Effect of apoptotic cell recognition on macrophage polarization and mycobacterial persistence.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- An update on leprosy immunopathogenesis: systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome delivery of let-7a-5p enhances macrophage efferocytosis via Arid3a/Mertk axis in acute-on-chronic liver failure.Stem cells translational medicine · 2025Article
- Immunohistochemical Characterization of M1, M2, and M4 Macrophages in Leprosy Skin Lesions.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Arginase 1 is a marker of protection against illness in contacts of leprosy patients.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Gene expression patterns associated with multidrug therapy in multibacillary leprosy.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Article
- In search of biomarkers for leprosy by unraveling the host immune response to Mycobacterium leprae.Immunological reviews · 2021Review
- Article
- Infrared radiation from cage bedding moderates rat inflammatory and autoimmune responses in collagen-induced arthritis.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Pathogenesis and Host Immune Response in Leprosy.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2021Article
- Functional miR-142a-3p Induces Apoptosis and Macrophage Polarization by TargetingFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Potential Role of CXCL10 in Monitoring Response to Treatment in Leprosy Patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Host Immune-Metabolic Adaptations Upon Mycobacterial Infections and Associated Co-Morbidities.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Resident cardiac macrophages: crucial modulators of cardiac (patho)physiology.Basic research in cardiology · 2020Review
- Revisiting Cell Death Responses in Fibrotic Lung Disease: Crosstalk between Structured and Non-Structured Cells.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Efferocytosis and Its Associated Cytokines: A Light on Non-tumor and Tumor Diseases?Molecular therapy oncolytics · 2020Review
- Hacking the host: exploitation of macrophage polarization by intracellular bacterial pathogens.Pathogens and disease · 2020Review
- Macrophage Polarization in Leprosy-HIV Co-infected Patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Graft Versus Host Disease: Mechanism-Based Biomarkers.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Organization of the Skin Immune System and Compartmentalized Immune Responses in Infectious Diseases.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Intracellular Mycobacterium leprae infection modifies host macrophage programming, creating a protective niche for bacterial survival. The milieu regulating cellular apoptosis in the tissue plays an important role in defining susceptible and/or resistant phenotypes. A higher density of apoptotic cells has been demonstrated in paucibacillary leprosy lesions than in multibacillary ones. However, the effect of apoptotic cell removal on M. leprae-stimulated cells has yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether apoptotic cell removal (efferocytosis) induces different phenotypes in proinflammatory (Mϕ1) and anti-inflammatory (Mϕ2) macrophages in the presence of M. leprae. We stimulated Mϕ1 and Mϕ2 cells with M. leprae in the presence or absence of apoptotic cells and subsequently evaluated the M. leprae uptake, cell phenotype, and cytokine pattern in the supernatants. In the presence of M. leprae and apoptotic cells, Mϕ1 macrophages changed their phenotype to resemble the Mϕ2 phenotype, displaying increased CD163 and SRA-I expression as well as higher phagocytic capacity. Efferocytosis increased M. leprae survival in Mϕ1 cells, accompanied by reduced interleukin-15 (IL-15) and IL-6 levels and increased transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and IL-10 secretion. Mϕ1 cells primed with M. leprae in the presence of apoptotic cells induced the secretion of Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 in autologous T cells compared with cultures stimulated with M. leprae or apoptotic cells alone. Efferocytosis did not alter the Mϕ2 cell phenotype or cytokine secretion profile, except for TGF-β. Based on these data, we suggest that, in paucibacillary leprosy patients, efferocytosis contributes to mycobacterial persistence by increasing the Mϕ2 population and sustaining the infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.