ArticleHealth & place2014
Trends in childhood mortality in Kenya: the urban advantage has seemingly been wiped out.
Article in Health & place, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Inequalities in Access and Utilization of Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Services in sub-Saharan Africa: A Special Focus on Urban Settings.Maternal and child health journal · 2022Pooled it
- Effectiveness of home-based nutritional counselling and support on exclusive breastfeeding in urban poor settings in Nairobi: a cluster randomized controlled trial.Globalization and health · 2017Trial
- Comparing Sanitation Delivery Modalities in Urban Informal Settlement Schools: A Randomized Trial in Nairobi, Kenya.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2016Trial
- Social determinants of early childhood development in The Gambia: a multi-level analysis of household, maternal, and healthcare factors.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Co-creation, co-design or co-production? Reflections on the development of urban health systems implementation strategies to improve access and quality of primary healthcare services in Bangladesh, Ghana, Nepal and Nigeria.Health research policy and systems · 2026Article
- Quantifying inequality in the utilization of healthcare services provided by community-based health planning and services and its correlates in selected urban poor communities in Ghana: an analytic cross-sectional study, 2023.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Estimating rates of treatment delay for malaria fevers among children in Sub-Saharan Africa 2006-2022.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Exploring the Factors Underlying the Narrowing Urban Advantage in Child Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2025Article
- Evidence-informed policy for monitoring SDG 3 in the Legal Amazon region: A rapid review.Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health · 2025Review
- Nursing and midwifery workforce expansion as a strategic lever to reduce maternal mortality: Global evidence and policy implications from an ecological study.AIMS public health · 2025Article
- Inequalities and Trends in Under-Five Mortality Between Formal and Informal Areas in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Article
- Erosion of the Capital City Advantage in Child Survival and Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Intervention Coverage in Sub-Saharan Africa.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Article
- High Child Mortality and Interventions Coverage in the City of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Are the Poorest Paying an Urban Penalty?Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Article
- Determinants of under-five mortality in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya from 2002 to 2018.BMC public health · 2024Article
- MEASURING UNION FORMALIZATION FOR A NEW GENERATION OF FAMILY DEMOGRAPHY: A CASE STUDY FROM URBAN KENYA.Population and development review · 2024Article
- Uncovering the determinants of health in deprived urban neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana: a qualitative and participatory reconnaissance study.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Potential effectiveness of integrating human milk banking and lactation support on neonatal outcomes at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Kenya.Maternal & child nutrition · 2024Article
- Determinants of Neonatal, Infant and Child Mortalities in Iran: A Systematic Review.Iranian journal of public health · 2024Review
- Association between light at night and the risk of child death in sub-saharan Africa: a cross-sectional analysis based on DHS data.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Perceptions of the influence of a mobile phone-based messaging platform on caregiver ECD knowledge, attitudes and practices: a qualitative exploration in an informal settlement in Nairobi.BMC primary care · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe describe trends in childhood mortality in Kenya, paying attention to the urban-rural and intra-urban differentials.
methodsWe use data from the Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys (KDHS) collected between 1993 and 2008 and the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS) collected in two Nairobi slums between 2003 and 2010, to estimate infant mortality rate (IMR), child mortality rate (CMR) and under-five mortality rate (U5MR).
resultsBetween 1993 and 2008, there was a downward trend in IMR, CMR and U5MR in both rural and urban areas. The decline was more rapid and statistically significant in rural areas but not in urban areas, hence the gap in urban-rural differentials narrowed over time. There was also a downward trend in childhood mortality in the slums between 2003 and 2010 from 83 to 57 for IMR, 33 to 24 for CMR, and 113 to 79 for U5MR, although the rates remained higher compared to those for rural and non-slum urban areas in Kenya.
conclusionsThe narrowing gap between urban and rural areas may be attributed to the deplorable living conditions in urban slums. To reduce childhood mortality, extra emphasis is needed on the urban slums.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.