ArticleEndocrine2015
The association of menstrual and reproductive factors with thyroid nodules in Chinese women older than 40 years of age.
Article in Endocrine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Occurrence of clinically relevant thyroid nodules in adults.Radiology and oncology · 2026Article
- Effect of hysterectomy on risk of thyroid cancer and benign thyroid disorders in South Korean women.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Prevalence and predictors of thyroid nodules among adults: analyzing the association with metabolic syndrome in a cross-sectional study.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Article
- Epidemiological and Pathogenic Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodules Undergoing Ultrasonography for Health Checkup Population.International journal of general medicine · 2025Article
- Utilizing machine learning for early screening of thyroid nodules: a dual-center cross-sectional study in China.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Thyroid cancer in pregnancy: diagnosis, management, and treatment.Abdominal radiology (New York) · 2023Review
- Uterine fibroids increase the risk of thyroid goiter and thyroid nodules.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Urban Air Pollution Associated with the Incidence of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases.Medical archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) · 2022Article
- Changing incidence and projections of thyroid cancer in mainland China, 1983-2032: evidence from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2021Article
- Evaluation of Children and Adolescents with Thyroid Nodules: A Single Center ExperienceJournal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology · 2021Article
- Six Air Pollutants Associated With Increased Risk of Thyroid Nodules: A Study of 4.9 Million Chinese Adults.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Article
- The Prevalence of Single and Multiple Thyroid Nodules and Its Association with Metabolic Diseases in Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of endocrinology · 2020Article
- The associations of bedtime, nocturnal, and daytime sleep duration with bone mineral density in pre- and post-menopausal women.Endocrine · 2015Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to explore the association of menstrual and reproductive factors with thyroid nodules in Chinese women older than 40 years of age. A questionnaire was completed by 6,571 women aged 40 years or older in a community-based epidemiological investigation of thyroid nodules conducted from June to November 2011 in Nanjing City. Thyroid nodules were measured by ultrasound. The Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System score was used to differentiate between benign and possibly malignant nodules. Menopausal age (>55 vs. <50 years: RR = 1.17, 95 % CI 1.00-1.34) and number of reproductive years (>40 vs. <35 years: RR = 1.12, 95 % CI 1.01-1.24) increased the risk of thyroid nodules, but were not associated with suspected malignant nodules. Women who experienced more pregnancies (≥5 vs. ≤1: RR = 2.09, 95 % CI 1.79-2.40) and abortions (≥3 vs. 0: RR = 1.61, 95 % CI 1.41-1.81) were prone to development of thyroid nodules, and more likely to form suspected malignant nodules (pregnancies, RR = 3.59, 95 % CI 1.60-7.20; abortions, RR = 2.36, 95 % CI 1.31-4.06). Furthermore, higher risks of thyroid nodules (RR = 1.36, 95 % CI 1.14-1.59) and suspected malignant nodules (RR = 2.80, 95 % CI 1.08-6.53) were observed in women who had undergone artificial compared with natural abortion. Periods of elevated estrogen and progesterone levels in women, such as pregnancy, were the key occasions for occurrence of both benign and suspiciously malignant thyroid nodules, while longer lifetime length of exposure to female sex hormones might promote the growth of thyroid nodules.
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