ReviewEuropean journal of applied physiology2014
Hands and feet: physiological insulators, radiators and evaporators.
Review in European journal of applied physiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Practical Cooling Strategies During Continuous Exercise in Hot Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2017Pooled it
- The Immediate Effect of Sinapis nigra and Zingiber officinale as Thermogenic Substances during Footbaths: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial.Complementary medicine research · 2022Trial
- Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure and the Resting EEG: Exploring the Thermal Mechanism Hypothesis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Trial
- Increasing Warmth in Oncological Patients: A Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Pilot Trial Examining the Efficacy of Mustard and Ginger Footbaths.Integrative cancer therapiesTrial
- The potential efficacy of continuous plantar foot cooling during relatively mild simulated occupational heat stress-a pilot study.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Cold-induced vasodilation: A meta-analysis.Temperature (Austin, Tex.) · 2026Review
- Palmar Cooling as a Thermoregulatory Intervention: Mechanistic Basis and Implications for Exercise and Clinical Applications.Translational sports medicine · 2026Review
- Influence of Foot and Legwear Color on Lower-Limb Temperature in Baseball Players Under Heat Stress.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Body Temperature, Metabolic, and Circulatory Changes After 8 Days of Water-Only Fasting in Healthy Middle-Aged Men.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Findings and Methodological Shortcomings of Investigations Concerning the Relationship Between Sleep Duration and Blood Pressure: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2025Review
- Foot temperature responses during walking: a theoretical estimation of mechanical and physiological factors.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Effects of individual characteristics and local body functions on sweating response: A review.International journal of biometeorology · 2024Review
- Cardiovascular responses to heat and cold exposure are altered by preterm birth in guinea pigs.Physiological reports · 2024Article
- Analysis of glove local microclimate properties for various glove types and fits using 3D scanning method.Heliyon · 2024Article
- A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 3: Heat and cold tolerance during exercise.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Review
- A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 4: evolution, thermal adaptation and unsupported theories of thermoregulation.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Review
- A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 2: physiological measurements.European journal of applied physiology · 2023Review
- A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 1: Foundational principles and theories of regulation.European journal of applied physiology · 2023Review
- Infrared Thermography Imaging for Assessment of Peripheral Perfusion in Patients with Septic Shock.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Evaluation of the Impact of Exposure To Heat and to By-Products of Combustion on the Health of Firefighters.Annals of burns and fire disasters · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to describe the unique anatomical and physiological features of the hands and feet that support heat conservation and dissipation, and in so doing, highlight the importance of these appendages in human thermoregulation. For instance, the surface area to mass ratio of each hand is 4-5 times greater than that of the body, whilst for each foot, it is ~3 times larger. This characteristic is supported by vascular responses that permit a theoretical maximal mass flow of thermal energy of 6.0 W (136 W m(2)) to each hand for a 1 °C thermal gradient. For each foot, this is 8.5 W (119 W m(2)). In an air temperature of 27 °C, the hands and feet of resting individuals can each dissipate 150-220 W m(2) (male-female) of heat through radiation and convection. During hypothermia, the extremities are physiologically isolated, restricting heat flow to <0.1 W. When the core temperature increases ~0.5 °C above thermoneutral (rest), each hand and foot can sweat at 22-33 mL h(-1), with complete evaporation dissipating 15-22 W (respectively). During heated exercise, sweat flows increase (one hand: 99 mL h(-1); one foot: 68 mL h(-1)), with evaporative heat losses of 67-46 W (respectively). It is concluded that these attributes allow the hands and feet to behave as excellent radiators, insulators and evaporators.
Indexed as
Identifiers
25011493What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.