Equal ≠ the same: sex differences in the human brain.

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

Who cites it

30 citing papers in PubMed.

1. The "sex-specific effect:" Evaluating analytical approaches to sex-dependence in the behavioral and brain sciences.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
   Article
2. Sex Differences in Cortical Hemodynamic Responses During Interactive and Passive Tasks: An fNIRS Study Using the Nefroball System.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
   Article
3. "Precision Medicine" and the Failed Search for Binary Brain Sex Differences to Address Gender Behavioral Health Disparities.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025
   Review
4. Zoographics in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior: Increasing inclusion of female animals.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · 2024
   Article
5. Unmasking the Adverse Impacts of Sex Bias on Science and Research Animal Welfare.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023
   Review
6. Paving the way to better understand the effects of prolonged spaceflight on operational performance and its neural bases.NPJ microgravity · 2023
   Review
7. Fairly Criticized, or Politicized? Conflicts in the Neuroscience of Sex Differences in the Human Brain.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology · 2022
   Review
8. Gender differences in cognitive reserve: implication for subjective cognitive decline in women.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2022
   Article
9. Future research directions to identify risks and mitigation strategies for neurostructural, ocular, and behavioral changes induced by human spaceflight: A NASA-ESA expert group consensus report.Frontiers in neural circuits · 2022
   Article
10. Alcohol's Negative Emotional Side: The Role of Stress Neurobiology in Alcohol Use Disorder.Alcohol research : current reviews · 2022
    Review
11. Genesis or Evolution of Gender Differences? Worldview-Based Dilemmas in The Processing of Scientific Information.Journal of cognition · 2020
    Article
12. Sex differences in psychiatric disorders: what we can learn from sex chromosome aneuploidies.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2019
    Review
13. Early adverse life events are associated with altered brain network architecture in a sex- dependent manner.Neurobiology of stress · 2017
    Article
14. Sex disparities in substance abuse research: Evaluating 23 years of structural neuroimaging studies.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2017
    Review
15. Developmental neurogenetics and multimodal neuroimaging of sex differences in autism.Brain imaging and behavior · 2017
    Review
16. Sex-specific effects of the Huntington gene on normal neurodevelopment.Journal of neuroscience research · 2017
    Article
17. Sex differences, gender and addiction.Journal of neuroscience research · 2017
    Review
18. Sex-Divergent Clinical Outcomes and Precision Medicine: An Important New Role for Institutional Review Boards and Research Ethics Committees.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2017
    Review
19. Sex differences in chronic stress effects on cognition in rodents.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2017
    Review
20. Sex as a Biological Variable: Who, What, When, Why, and How.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2017
    Review

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

Authors and funding

1 author.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

Abstract