ArticleBMJ open2014
The costs of smoking and secondhand smoke exposure in Taiwan: a prevalence-based annual cost approach.
Article in BMJ open, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04688177 (The Association of Cigarette Smoking on Exercise Capacity and Skeletal Muscle Function in Taiwan Adult Smokers), which is not on this map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Association of Cigarette Smoking on Exercise Capacity and Skeletal Muscle Function in Taiwan Adult Smokers
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Social Costs of Smoking in the Czech Republic.Applied health economics and health policy · 2025Article
- Secondhand smoke increases the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The Economic Costs of Tobacco Related Illnesses in Kenya.Tobacco use insights · 2024Article
- Building a House on Sand: How Tobacco Use Is Devouring Resources.Addiction & health · 2023Review
- Economic cost of smoking and secondhand smoke exposure in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries.Tobacco control · 2021Article
- Secondhand smoke increases the risk of developing kidney stone disease.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- The Economic Burden of Smoking-Attribution and Years of Life Lost due to Chronic Diseases in Mashhad, 2015-2016.International journal of preventive medicine · 2021Article
- A comparison of the burden of lung cancer attributable to tobacco exposure in China and the USA.Annals of translational medicine · 2020Article
- Cancer Incidence Characteristic Evolution Based on the National Cancer Registry in Taiwan.Journal of oncology · 2020Article
- Economic burden of smoking-attributable diseases in China: A systematic review.Tobacco induced diseases · 2020Review
- Ethnic disparities in prevalence and clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors in rural Southwest China.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2019Article
- Comparative Effectiveness of Varenicline and Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Cessation in Older and Younger Smokers: A Prospective Cohort in Taiwan.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2019Article
- Smoking-Attributable Direct Healthcare Expenditure in Lithuania: A Prevalence-Based Annual Cost Approach.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2018Article
- Healthcare costs attributable to secondhand smoke exposure at home for U.S. adults.Preventive medicine · 2018Article
- Economic Burden of Smoking in Iran: A Prevalence-Based Annual Cost ApproachAsian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2017Article
- Adult mortality of diseases and injuries attributable to selected metabolic, lifestyle, environmental, and infectious risk factors in Taiwan: a comparative risk assessment.Population health metrics · 2017Article
- Prevalence-based, disease-specific estimate of the social cost of smoking in Singapore.BMJ open · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo assess the costs of the health effects of cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure to society.
designPrevalence-based, disease-specific cost-of-illness study. We used an epidemiological population-attributable risk method to determine the costs that can be attributed to smoking and SHS exposure.
settingTaiwan.
participantsAll adult population aged 35 and older. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Direct costs of healthcare expenditures spent for treating tobacco-related diseases, indirect mortality costs measured by the value of lost productivity due to tobacco-related premature deaths and indirect morbidity costs measured by the value of time lost from work due to tobacco-related illness.
resultsIn 2010, direct costs of smoking and SHS exposure amounted to US$828 million, accounting for 3.4% of Taiwan's total personal healthcare expenditures. Smoking and SHS exposure also contributed to 15 555 premature deaths-corresponding to a loss of 284 765 years of life and US$820 million in productivity-and US$22 million in indirect morbidity costs. These direct and indirect costs totalled US$1670 million, representing 0.4% of Taiwan's gross domestic product and averaging about US$720/adult smoker. The share of the total costs was greater from active smoking (92%) than SHS exposure (8%), and greater for men (92%) than women (8%).
conclusionsSmoking and SHS exposure impose a huge financial loss in Taiwan. Sustained tobacco control efforts to encourage people to quit smoking, prevent smoking uptake by children and young adults and protect all people from SHS exposure are needed.
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