ArticleNutrients2014
Evaluation of a validated food frequency questionnaire for self-defined vegans in the United States.
Article in Nutrients, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Association of a Vegan Diet during Pregnancy with Maternal and Child Outcomes: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2024Pooled it
- A Vegan Diet Is Associated with a Significant Reduction in Dietary Acid Load: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Individuals.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- Plant-based dietary biomarkers: from discovery to validation using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Nutrient Intakes in Vegans, Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarians, Orthodox Fasters, and Omnivores in Russia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Development and validation of the MY-VEG-FFQ: A modular web-based food-frequency questionnaire for vegetarians and vegans.PloS one · 2024Article
- Development and evaluation of a web-based diet quality screener for vegans (VEGANScreener): a cross-sectional, observational, multicenter, clinical study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- The Association between Vegan Dietary Patterns and Physical Activity-A Cross-Sectional Online Survey.Nutrients · 2023Article
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- HIV Status Does Not Affect Rectal Microbiome Composition, Diversity, or Stability over Time: A Chicago Women's Interagency HIV Study.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2019Observational
- Article
- Vitamin BJournal of nutritional science · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and validate a de novo food frequency questionnaire for self-defined vegans in the United States. Diet histories from pilot samples of vegans and a modified 'Block Method' using seven selected nutrients of concern in vegan diet patterns, were employed to generate the questionnaire food list. Food frequency responses of 100 vegans from 19 different U.S. states were obtained via completed mailed questionnaires and compared to multiple telephone-conducted diet recall interviews. Computerized diet analyses were performed. Correlation coefficients, t-tests, rank, cross-tabulations, and probability tests were used to validate and compare intake estimates and dietary reference intake (DRI) assessment trends between the two methods. A 369-item vegan-specific questionnaire was developed with 252 listed food frequency items. Calorie-adjusted correlation coefficients ranged from r = 0.374 to 0.600 (p < 0.001) for all analyzed nutrients except calcium. Estimates, ranks, trends and higher-level participant percentile placements for Vitamin B12 were similar with both methods. Questionnaire intakes were higher than recalls for most other nutrients. Both methods demonstrated similar trends in DRI adequacy assessment (e.g., significantly inadequate vitamin D intake among vegans). This vegan-specific questionnaire can be a useful assessment tool for health screening initiatives in U.S. vegan communities.
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