ArticleEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2014
A unification of mediation and interaction: a 4-way decomposition.
Article in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 363 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Pediatric Hypertension and the Renin-Angiotensin SystEm (PHRASE): The Role of Angiotensin-(1-7) in Hypertension and Hypertension-Induced Heart and Kidney Damage
The Effect of SPecialty cAre on Recovery From Cardiac Arrest Trial (the SPARC Trial)
Who cites it
363 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pollution, stress response, and obesity: A systematic review.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Hemoglobin During Pregnancy Does Not Mediate the Relationship between Nutrition Supplements and Intrauterine Growth: A Secondary Data Analysis of Women First Preconception Nutrition Trial.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Trial
- Role of Family Decision-Making and Perceived Social Support in the Mental Health of Mothers of Infants in Rural Western China.Depression and anxiety · 2025Trial
- Smartwatch Measures of Outdoor Exposure and Myopia in Children.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Higher Cholesterol Absorption Marker at Baseline Predicts Fewer Cardiovascular Events in Elderly Patients Receiving Hypercholesterolemia Treatment: The KEEP Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Trial
- Alcohol Use, HIV Stigma and Quality of Life Among Alcohol Consuming Men Living with HIV in India: A Mediation Analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2023Trial
- Digital-Use/Efficiency Phenotypes Versus Professional Role in Explaining Perceived Digital Benefit in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Potential Outcomes Effects in Mediation Designs with Three Experimental Conditions.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2026Article
- Estimating the association of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with offspring kidney function from adolescence into young adulthood.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Increased In-Hospital Mortality in Immunocompromised Individuals Hospitalized With COVID-19 During the Global Pandemic: A Multinational Cohort Study in the EuCARE Project.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Early-adulthood body mass index, mammographic density and post-menopausal breast cancer risk: a mediation analysis.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- An alternative to causal mediation for inequality research: which questions can be answered?Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- An alternative to causal mediation for inequality research: which questions can be answered?Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Edentulism, blood-based neurodegenerative biomarkers, and 10-year dementia risk: A mediation analysis in a nationally representative United States cohort.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Seasonality, Hospitalization, and Initiation of Home Dialysis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation · 2026Article
- Heterogeneity in the association between APOE ε4 carrier status and dementia risk by modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Mediation of the risk of serious police or legal trouble in adults with a mental disorder.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Impact of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease on Functional Decline: Bleeding With Antithrombotic Therapy 2 Study.Stroke · 2026Observational
- Social determinants as pathways in disparities in oral cavity cancer stage at diagnosis: a registry-based analysis from 2010-2020.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2026Article
303 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
The overall effect of an exposure on an outcome, in the presence of a mediator with which the exposure may interact, can be decomposed into 4 components: (1) the effect of the exposure in the absence of the mediator, (2) the interactive effect when the mediator is left to what it would be in the absence of exposure, (3) a mediated interaction, and (4) a pure mediated effect. These 4 components, respectively, correspond to the portion of the effect that is due to neither mediation nor interaction, to just interaction (but not mediation), to both mediation and interaction, and to just mediation (but not interaction). This 4-way decomposition unites methods that attribute effects to interactions and methods that assess mediation. Certain combinations of these 4 components correspond to measures for mediation, whereas other combinations correspond to measures of interaction previously proposed in the literature. Prior decompositions in the literature are in essence special cases of this 4-way decomposition. The 4-way decomposition can be carried out using standard statistical models, and software is provided to estimate each of the 4 components. The 4-way decomposition provides maximum insight into how much of an effect is mediated, how much is due to interaction, how much is due to both mediation and interaction together, and how much is due to neither.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.