ArticlePediatric research2014
Maternal breast milk transforming growth factor-beta and feeding intolerance in preterm infants.
Article in Pediatric research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Breast Milk Immunoglobulinome.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- Comparative Analysis of Adipokines and Growth Factors in Preterm and Term Breast Milk and Their Role in Infant Growth.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Early versus delayed enteral nutrition for preterm Neonates: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Review
- Evolutionary bridges: how factors present in amniotic fluid and human milk help mature the gut.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Review
- Early life imprinting of intestinal immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis.Immunological reviews · 2024Review
- Breast milk immune composition varies during the transition stage of lactation: characterization of immunotypes in the MAMI cohort.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Necrotizing enterocolitis: Bench to bedside approaches and advancing our understanding of disease pathogenesis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Review
- Impact of Oropharyngeal Administration of Colostrum in Preterm Newborns' Oral Microbiome.Nutrients · 2021Observational
- Breastfeeding and the developmental origins of mucosal immunity: how human milk shapes the innate and adaptive mucosal immune systems.Current opinion in gastroenterology · 2021Review
- Rat Milk and Plasma Immunological Profile throughout Lactation.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Necrotizing Enterocolitis: LPS/TLR4-Induced Crosstalk Between Canonical TGF-β/Wnt/β-Catenin Pathways and PPARγ.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Review
- SNPs in Mammary Gland Epithelial Cells Unraveling Potential Difference in Milk Production Between Jersey and Kashmiri Cattle Using RNA Sequencing.Frontiers in genetics · 2021Article
- Microbiota Composition of Breast Milk from Women of Different Ethnicity from the Manawatu-Wanganui Region of New Zealand.Nutrients · 2020Article
- Does Caesarean Section or Preterm Delivery Influence TGF-β2 Concentrations in Human Colostrum?Nutrients · 2020Article
- Cytokines and Soluble Receptors in Breast Milk as Enhancers of Oral Tolerance Development.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Review
- Cytokines and growth factors in the developing intestine and during necrotizing enterocolitis.Seminars in perinatology · 2017Review
- Pathogenesis of NEC: Role of the innate and adaptive immune response.Seminars in perinatology · 2017Review
- Bioactive factors in milk across lactation: Maternal effects and influence on infant growth in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).American journal of primatology · 2016Article
- Longitudinal Study of Cytokine Expression, Lipid Profile and Neuronal Growth Factors in Human Breast Milk from Term and Preterm Deliveries.Nutrients · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFeeding intolerance (FI) occurs commonly in the neonatal intensive care unit. Breast milk contains a large pool of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Few studies describe TGF-β levels in preterm milk, and the relationship to FI remains unexplored. We measured TGF-β levels in preterm breast milk to investigate a correlation with FI in preterm infants.
methodsProspective observational trial of 100 mother-infant pairs, enrolling infants born below 32 wk gestation and less than 1,500 g, and mothers who planned to provide breast milk. TGF-β levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infant charts were reviewed for outcomes.
resultsTGF-β declined postnatally, most elevated in colostrum (P < 0.01). TGF-β2 levels were higher than TGF-β1 at all time points (P < 0.01). Colostrum TGF-β levels correlated inversely with birth weight (P < 0.01) and gestational age (P < 0.05). One-week TGF-β2 levels were reduced in growth-restricted infants with FI (P < 0.01). Of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), TGF-β2 levels appeared to be low, but small sample size precluded meaningful statistical comparisons.
conclusionTGF-β levels decline temporally in preterm milk. TGF-β1 colostrum levels correlate inversely with birth weight and gestational age. TGF-β2 may play a role in FI in growth-restricted infants. The relationship of TGF-β2 and NEC merits future investigation.
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