ArticleClinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases2014
Density and duration of experimental human pneumococcal carriage.
Article in Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Upper airways colonisation of Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults aged 60 years and older: A systematic review of prevalence and individual participant data meta-analysis of risk factors.The Journal of infection · 2020Pooled it
- Natural Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae Is Associated With Increased Experimental Pneumococcal Carriage but Reduced Conjugate Vaccine Efficacy in a Human Challenge Model.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Symptoms associated with influenza vaccination and experimental human pneumococcal colonisation of the nasopharynx.Vaccine · 2020Trial
- Innate and adaptive nasal mucosal immune responses following experimental human pneumococcal colonization.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Inflammation induced by influenza virus impairs human innate immune control of pneumococcus.Nature immunology · 2018Trial
- Genomic and phenotypic characterization of a multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae 19 F ST320 isolate from a pediatric SARS-CoV-2 case in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Protocol for a phase IV, Experimental Human Pneumococcal Challenge (EHPC) model to investigateBMJ open · 2025Article
- Duplex ddPCR detection of lytA and piaB in Streptococcus pneumoniae from nasopharyngeal swabs.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Pneumococcal Carriage and Disease in Adults in England, 2011-2019: The Importance of Adults as a Reservoir for Pneumococcus in Communities.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Inflammation of the nasal mucosa is associated with susceptibility to experimental pneumococcal challenge in older adults.Mucosal immunology · 2024Article
- Estimating pneumococcal carriage dynamics in adults living with HIV in a mature infant pneumococcal conjugate vaccine programme in Malawi, a modelling study.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- A new perspective on ancient Mitis group streptococcal genetics.Microbial genomics · 2022Article
- Article
- Micro/nanotechnology-inspired rapid diagnosis of respiratory infectious diseases.Biomedical engineering letters · 2021Review
- The drop in reported invasive pneumococcal disease among adults during the first COVID-19 wave in the Netherlands explained.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2021Article
- The nose is the best niche for detection of experimental pneumococcal colonisation in adults of all ages, using nasal wash.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Intestinal helminth co-infection is an unrecognised risk factor for increased pneumococcal carriage density and invasive disease.Scientific reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The density and duration of pneumococcal carriage are considered to affect the likelihood of transmission and invasive disease. Because of its importance in both spreading and causing disease, carriage has been suggested as an endpoint in future vaccine studies. Culture is the current gold standard for detection, but may not be sensitive enough to detect changes at low density. Healthy adult volunteers received an intranasal inoculation of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B. Pneumococcal density in nasal washes collected at six time-points post-inoculation was determined by culture and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Natural pneumococcal carriers detected at initial screening were followed in parallel. In 331 nasal washes from 79 volunteers, the sensitivity and specificity of pneumococcal detection by qPCR, as compared with culture, were 92.3% and 75.9%. The estimation of pneumococcal density by culture and qPCR was highly correlated (rs = 0.73, p <0.0001), although qPCR had a lower detection limit. Pneumococcal density fluctuated within a carriage episode, and occasionally fell below the detection limit of both methods. The duration of carriage episodes was underestimated when only one method was used. Similar fluctuations in density were observed in natural carriers. Pneumococcal carriage is a dynamic event. Culture and qPCR are complementary for surveying the density and duration of pneumococcal carriage episodes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.