ArticlePloS one2014
An important role of α-hemolysin in extracellular vesicles on the development of atopic dermatitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Allergic Sensitization: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- From bacterial to microbiome-derived vesicles: genome-informed identity, source qualification, and translational quality for skin-directed cosmetics.Genes & genomics · 2026Review
- Mast Cells in Host Defense Against Cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus Infection.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Review
- Extracellular membrane vesicles-previously unrecognized components ofJournal of bacteriology · 2026Article
- Review
- Choosing the Right Extracellular Vesicle: Cross-Kingdom Immunological Functions Linking Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Applications.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in the Strategic Interplay Between Pathogens and Hosts.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Staphylococcus aureus derived extracellular vesicles modulate osteoblast-like cell immune responses independently of vesicle internalization.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Extracellular Vesicles in Allergy: From Cellular Communication to Clinical Implications.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- The food grade bacterium Lactobacillus helveticus VEL12193 promotes autophagy by releasing membrane vesicles.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- The Role of Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles in Tumor Development: Facts, Potential Applications and Future Perspectives.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles in atopic dermatitis: unraveling pathogenic mediators and engineering therapeutic vectors.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Microbial extracellular vesicles in the lung: friends in health, agents in disease.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles: An Emerging Concern in the Field of Environmental Contamination-Characterization, Impacts, and Response Strategies.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Streptococcus pyogenes EVs induce the alternative inflammasome via caspase-4/-5 in human monocytes.EMBO reports · 2025Article
- Special Issue "Molecular Mechanisms and Treatment of Allergic Reactions".International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Extracellular Vesicles and Their Role in Skin Inflammatory Diseases: From Pathogenesis to Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Depicting "arms race" of Rhipicephalus microplus and its host on a single frame platform.Parasitology research · 2025Article
- Strategies for Survival ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles and their mimetics: clinical application prospects in medical aesthetics.Burns & trauma · 2025Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Skin barrier disruption and dermal inflammation are key phenotypes of atopic dermatitis (AD). Staphylococcus aureus secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are involved in AD pathogenesis. Here, we evaluated the role of EVs-associated α-hemolysin derived from S. aureus in AD pathogenesis. α-hemolysin production from S. aureus was detected using western blot analyses. The cytotoxic activity of α-hemolysin on HaCaT keratinocytes was evaluated by measuring cell viability after treating cells with soluble and EVs-associated α-hemolysin. To determine the type of cell death, HaCaT keratinocytes were stained with annexin V and 7-AAD. The in vivo effects of α-hemolysin were evaluated by application of soluble and EV-associated α-hemolysin on the mouse skin. The present study showed that increased α-hemolysin was produced by S. aureus colonized on AD patients compared to healthy subjects. α-hemolysin production was also related to AD severity. In addition, EV-associated α-hemolysin was more cytotoxic to HaCaT keratinocytes than soluble α-hemolysin, and α-hemolysin-negative EVs did not induce keratinocyte death. EV-associated α-hemolysin induced necrosis, but soluble α-hemolysin induced apoptosis of keratinocytes. In vivo, skin barrier disruption and epidermal hyperplasia were induced by soluble and EV-associated α-hemolysin. However, AD-like dermal inflammation was only caused by EV-associated α-hemolysin. Moreover, neither skin barrier disruption nor AD-like skin inflammation was induced by α-hemolysin-negative EVs. Taken together, α-Hemolysin secreted from S. aureus, particularly the EV-associated form, induces both skin barrier disruption and AD-like skin inflammation, suggesting that EV-associated α-hemolysin is a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for the control of AD.
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