ArticlePloS one2014
A likelihood approach to estimate the number of co-infections.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Molecular surveillance of multiplicity of infection, haplotype frequencies, and prevalence in infectious diseases.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Integration of bioinformatic tools for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 co-infection cases.Microbial genomics · 2026Article
- Article
- Review of MrsFreqPhase methods: methods designed to estimate statistically malaria parasite multiplicity of infection, relatedness, frequency and phase.Malaria journal · 2024Review
- Estimating multiplicity of infection, allele frequencies, and prevalences accounting for incomplete data.PloS one · 2024Article
- The diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from asymptomatic and symptomatic school-age children in Kinshasa Province, Democratic Republic of Congo.Malaria journal · 2023Article
- Article
- A maximum-likelihood method to estimate haplotype frequencies and prevalence alongside multiplicity of infection from SNP data.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2022Article
- The many definitions of multiplicity of infection.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2022Article
- Article
- Bias-corrected maximum-likelihood estimation of multiplicity of infection and lineage frequencies.PloS one · 2021Article
- Malaria in Venezuela: changes in the complexity of infection reflects the increment in transmission intensity.Malaria journal · 2020Article
- Limited differentiation among Plasmodium vivax populations from the northwest and to the south Pacific Coast of Colombia: A malaria corridor?PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Article
- Extensive diversity in the allelic frequency of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface proteins and glutamate-rich protein in rural and urban settings of southwestern Nigeria.Malaria journal · 2018Article
- Large and finite sample properties of a maximum-likelihood estimator for multiplicity of infection.PloS one · 2018Article
- Article
- Multiplicity of Infection and Disease Severity in Plasmodium vivax.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2016Article
- Persistence of Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Resistance Despite Reduction of Drug Pressure in Malawi.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2015Article
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology: Lessons from the International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research Network.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The number of co-infections of a pathogen (multiplicity of infection or MOI) is a relevant parameter in epidemiology as it relates to transmission intensity. Notably, such quantities can be built into a metric in the context of disease control and prevention. Having applications to malaria in mind, we develop here a maximum-likelihood (ML) framework to estimate the quantities of interest at low computational and no additional costs to study designs or data collection. We show how the ML estimate for the quantities of interest and corresponding confidence-regions are obtained from multiple genetic loci. Assuming specifically that infections are rare and independent events, the number of infections per host follows a conditional Poisson distribution. Under this assumption, we show that a unique ML estimate for the parameter (λ) describing MOI exists which is found by a simple recursion. Moreover, we provide explicit formulas for asymptotic confidence intervals, and show that profile-likelihood-based confidence intervals exist, which are found by a simple two-dimensional recursion. Based on the confidence intervals we provide alternative statistical tests for the MOI parameter. Finally, we illustrate the methods on three malaria data sets. The statistical framework however is not limited to malaria.
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