ArticleCilia2014
Loss of primary cilia occurs early in breast cancer development.
Article in Cilia, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 147 citations in OpenAlex.
- Primary cilium as a sensory organelle and metabolic hub in health and diseases.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Review
- NEK2-AURKA axis drives ubiquitin-dependent IFT88 degradation to suppress ciliogenesis and promote basal-type bladder cancer.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- TMEM216 inhibits breast cancer lung metastasis by modulating IGF1R-IRS4 signaling pathway.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Primary cilium disassembly - from mechanisms to roles in physiology and disease.Journal of cell science · 2026Review
- scRNA-seq and genomics analyses reveal key mechanisms of inverted papilloma-associated sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma malignant transformation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Review
- Primary cilia in cancer: structures, functions, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications.Cancer biology & medicine · 2025Review
- Hedgehog pathway, cell cycle, and primary cilium.Cell death discovery · 2025Review
- Primary cilia and cancer: a tale of many faces.Oncogene · 2025Review
- Article
- Article
- Machine learning-based single-sample molecular classifier for cancer grading.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Comparative bioinformatics analysis of the Wnt pathway in breast cancer: Selection of novel biomarker panels associated with ER status.Open life sciences · 2025Article
- Vinblastine Resistance Is Associated with Nephronophthisis 3-Mediated Primary Cilia via Intraflagellar Transport Protein 88 and Apoptosis-Antagonizing Transcription Factor.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- A class I PI3K signalling network regulates primary cilia disassembly in normal physiology and disease.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications of Cell Division Cycle 20 Homolog in Breast Cancer.Cancers · 2024Article
- Primary cilia-associated signalling in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck region.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- Illumination of understudied ciliary kinases.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2024Review
- CRB3 navigates Rab11 trafficking vesicles to promote γTuRC assembly during ciliogenesis.eLife · 2023Article
- Review
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrimary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the cell surface. Primary cilia play a critical role in development and disease through regulation of signaling pathways including the Hedgehog pathway. Recent mouse models have also linked ciliary dysfunction to cancer. However, little is known about the role of primary cilia in breast cancer development. Primary cilia expression was characterized in cancer cells as well as their surrounding stromal cells from 86 breast cancer patients by counting cilia and measuring cilia length. In addition, we examined cilia expression in normal epithelial and stromal cells from reduction mammoplasties as well as histologically normal adjacent tissue for comparison.
resultsWe observed a statistically significant decrease in the percentage of ciliated cells on both premalignant lesions as well as in invasive cancers. This loss of cilia does not correlate with increased proliferative index (Ki67-positive cells). However, we did detect rare ciliated cancer cells present in patients with invasive breast cancer and found that these express a marker of basaloid cancers that is associated with poor prognosis (Cytokeratin 5). Interestingly, the percentage of ciliated stromal cells associated with both premalignant and invasive cancers decreased when compared to stromal cells associated with normal tissue. To understand how cilia may be lost during cancer development we analyzed the expression of genes required for ciliogenesis and/or ciliary function and compared their expression in normal versus breast cancer samples. We found that expression of ciliary genes were frequently downregulated in human breast cancers.
conclusionsThese data suggest that primary cilia are lost early in breast cancer development on both the cancer cells and their surrounding stromal cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.