ReviewCold Spring Harbor protocols2014
Human cancer growth and therapy in immunodeficient mouse models.
Review in Cold Spring Harbor protocols, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 135 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
135 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 208 citations in OpenAlex.
- Triterpenes in breast cancer: a systematic review of preclinical evidence in rodents.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- The Confounding Role of Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Animal Models of Cancer Immunotherapy: A Systematic Review.Archives of Iranian medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Do cancer stem cells exist? A pilot study combining a systematic review with the hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach.PloS one · 2019Pooled it
- Patient-derived xenograft models of colorectal cancer in pre-clinical research: a systematic review.Oncotarget · 2016Pooled it
- Preclinical evaluation of trastuzumab deruxtecan in a new HER2+ leptomeningeal colonization model.Cancer letters · 2026Article
- Considerations for selecting immunodeficient mouse strains for cancer xenograft models.Laboratory animal research · 2026Review
- Human iPSC-derived bone marrow organoids with integrated hematopoietic and T cell-supportive niches.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Article
- Intraperitoneal G-CSF Stimulation Achieves Human-like Neutrophil Levels in NSG Mice Without Inducing Systemic Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Determinants of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Success: In Vitro and In Vivo Preclinical Assessment.Cancers · 2026Review
- MUC1-targeted CAR-T cell secreted anti-PD-1 IgG antibody enhances antitumor activity in Cholangiocarcinoma.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Harnessing PDX and PDX 2.0: the next-generation paradigm for precision oncology and translational breakthroughs.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- JAK3-deficient mini-pigs exhibit impaired lymphoid organogenesis, intestinal structure, and leukocyte/cytokine production.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Multiparametric Detection of Effects of TILs and Oncolytic Virotherapy on Xenograft Mouse Model of Glioblastoma.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Oleic Acid Integrated Acetalated Dextran Nanoparticles for Enhanced Chemotherapeutic Delivery to the Bone Marrow.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2025Article
- Melt electrowritten medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate cardiac patches for Post-MI cardiac regeneration.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Integrative and Emerging Models in Antibody Research: A Comprehensive Review.Antibody therapeutics · 2025Review
- Article
- Human Immune System Reconstitution in NOD/Shi-Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Establishment and characterization of CHC-X1: the third human combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma cell line.BMC cancer · 2025Article
75 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Since the discovery of the "nude" mouse more than 40 years ago, investigators have attempted to model human tumor growth in immunodeficient mice. Here, we summarize how the field has advanced over the ensuing years owing to improvements in the murine recipients of human tumors. These improvements include the discovery of the scid mutation and development of targeted mutations in the recombination-activating genes 1 and 2 (Rag1(null), Rag2(null)) that severely cripple the adaptive immune response of the murine host. More recently, mice deficient in adaptive immunity have been crossed with mice bearing targeted mutations designed to weaken the innate immune system, ultimately leading to the development of immunodeficient mice bearing a targeted mutation in the gene encoding the interleukin 2 (IL2) receptor common γ chain (IL2rg(null), also known in humans as cytokine receptor common subunit γ). The IL2rg(null) mutation has been used to develop several immunodeficient strains of mice, including the NOD-scid IL2rg(null) (NSG) strain. Using NSG mice as human xenograft recipients, it is now possible to grow almost all types of primary human tumors in vivo, including most solid tumors and hematological malignancies that maintain characteristics of the primary tumor in the patient. Programs to optimize patient-specific therapy using patient-derived xenograft tumor growth in NSG mice have been established at several institutions, including The Jackson Laboratory. Moreover, NSG mice can be engrafted with functional human immune systems, permitting for the first time the potential to study primary human tumors in vivo in the presence of a human immune system.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.