ArticleMedicine and science in sports and exercise2015
Effect of heat and heat acclimatization on cycling time trial performance and pacing.
Article in Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Quantifying Exercise Heat Acclimatisation in Athletes and Military Personnel: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Pooled it
- Seasonal Heat Acclimatisation in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Pooled it
- The Effect of Dietary Supplements on Endurance Exercise Performance and Core Temperature in Hot Environments: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Pooled it
- A Matter of Degrees: A Systematic Review of the Ergogenic Effect of Pre-Cooling in Highly Trained Athletes.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Physiological Responses to Heat Acclimation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Efficacy of Heat Mitigation Strategies on Core Temperature and Endurance Exercise: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in physiology · 2019Pooled it
- Heat Acclimation Decay and Re-Induction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2018Pooled it
- The Effects of Heat Adaptation on Physiology, Perception and Exercise Performance in the Heat: A Meta-Analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2016Pooled it
- Training in hot water immersion improved exercise performance in hot and humid conditions in recreational athletes - a randomized controlled trial.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Trial
- Change in Exercise Performance and Markers of Acute Kidney Injury Following Heat Acclimation with Permissive Dehydration.Nutrients · 2021Trial
- The time course of adaptations in thermoneutral maximal oxygen consumption following heat acclimation.European journal of applied physiology · 2019Trial
- Effects of visual thermal cues on thermal perception and thermoregulation while cycling in virtual reality.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Limited benefit of repeated post-exercise hot water immersion on exercise performance of well-trained cyclists in warm and hot conditions.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology Under Hypoxia, Microgravity, and Heat Stress: A Review with Public Health Implications.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Review
- RACLET: the Ramp Above Critical Level Endurance Test to evaluate critical power in cycling.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- The effect of cold-water mouth swilling on thermal perceptions and heat-related symptoms for people with multiple sclerosis exercising in a hot environment.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Article
- Seven days of mixed-method heat acclimation improved markers of cardiovascular and fluid-regulatory strain during exercise-heat stress.Experimental physiology · 2025Article
- From Copenhagen chill to desert heat thrill.Experimental physiology · 2025Article
- Warm-Up Strategies at Halftime: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial in a Professional Women's Soccer Team.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2025Article
- Associations Between Match-Play Characteristics and Environmental Temperatures in 4 Professional Football Leagues.European journal of sport science · 2025Article
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on byResponse.2015
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThis study aimed to determine the effects of heat acclimatization on performance and pacing during outdoor cycling time trials (TT, 43.4 km) in the heat.
methodsNine cyclists performed three TT in hot ambient conditions (TTH, approximately 37°C) on the first (TTH-1), sixth (TTH-2), and 14th (TTH-3) days of training in the heat. Data were compared with the average of two TT in cool condition (approximately 8°C) performed before and after heat acclimatization (TTC).
resultsTTH-1 (77 ± 6 min) was slower (P = 0.001) than TTH-2 (69 ± 5 min), and both were slower (P < 0.01) than TTC and TTH-3 (66 ± 3 and 66 ± 4 min, respectively), without differences between TTC and TTH-3 (P > 0.05). The cyclists initiated the first 20% of all TT at a similar power output, irrespective of climate and acclimatization status; however, during TTH-1, they subsequently had a marked decrease in power output, which was partly attenuated after 6 d of acclimatization and was further reduced after 14 d. HR was higher during the first 20% of TTH-1 than that in the other TT (P < 0.05), but there were no differences between conditions from 30% onward. Final rectal temperature was similar in all TTH (40.2°C ± 0.4°C, P = 1.000) and higher than that in TTC (38.5°C ± 0.6°C, P < 0.001).
conclusionsAfter 2 wk of acclimatization, trained cyclists are capable of completing a prolonged TT in a similar time in the heat compared with cool conditions, whereas in the unacclimatized state, they experienced a marked decrease in power output during the TTH.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.