Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24976700›Full record

ReviewWorld journal of gastroenterology2014

Enigmatic origin of hepatitis B virus: an ancient travelling companion or a recent encounter?

Gianguglielmo Zehender, Erika Ebranati, Elena Gabanelli, Chiara Sorrentino, Alessandra Lo Presti, Elisabetta Tanzi, Massimo Ciccozzi, Massimo Galli

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in World journal of gastroenterology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
39citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

39 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Gianguglielmo ZehenderGianguglielmo Zehender, Erika Ebranati, Elena Gabanelli, Chiara Sorrentino, Massimo Galli, L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.
Erika EbranatiGianguglielmo Zehender, Erika Ebranati, Elena Gabanelli, Chiara Sorrentino, Massimo Galli, L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.
Elena GabanelliGianguglielmo Zehender, Erika Ebranati, Elena Gabanelli, Chiara Sorrentino, Massimo Galli, L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.
Chiara SorrentinoGianguglielmo Zehender, Erika Ebranati, Elena Gabanelli, Chiara Sorrentino, Massimo Galli, L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.
Alessandra Lo PrestiGianguglielmo Zehender, Erika Ebranati, Elena Gabanelli, Chiara Sorrentino, Massimo Galli, L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.
Elisabetta TanziGianguglielmo Zehender, Erika Ebranati, Elena Gabanelli, Chiara Sorrentino, Massimo Galli, L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.
Massimo CiccozziGianguglielmo Zehender, Erika Ebranati, Elena Gabanelli, Chiara Sorrentino, Massimo Galli, L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.
Massimo GalliGianguglielmo Zehender, Erika Ebranati, Elena Gabanelli, Chiara Sorrentino, Massimo Galli, L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause of liver disease and infects an estimated 240 million people worldwide. It is characterised by a high degree of genetic heterogeneity because of the use of a reverse transcriptase during viral replication. The ten genotypes (A-J) that have been described so far further segregate into a number of subgenotypes which have distinct ethno-geographic distribution. Genotypes A and D are ubiquitous and the most prevalent genotypes in Europe (mainly represented by subgenotypes D1-3 and A2); genotypes B and C are restricted to eastern Asia and Oceania; genotype E to central and western Africa; and genotypes H and F (classified into 4 subgenotypes) to Latin America and Alaska. This review summarises the data obtained by studying the global phylodynamics and phylogeography of HBV genotypes, particularly those concerning the origin and dispersion histories of genotypes A, D, E and F and their subgenotypes. The lack of any consensus concerning the HBV substitution rate and the conflicting data obtained using different calibration approaches make the time of origin and divergence of the various genotypes and subgenotypes largely uncertain. It is hypothesised that HBV evolutionary rates are time dependent, and that the changes depend on the main transmission routes of the genotypes and the dynamics of the infected populations.

Indexed as

Evolution, MolecularGenotypeHepatitis BHepatitis B virusHumansMolecular EpidemiologyPhenotypePhylogenyPhylogeographyPopulation DynamicsHepatitis B virus genotypes and subgenotypesHepatitis B virus phylodynamicsMolecular epidemiologyPhylogeographyPopulation dynamics and epidemics

Identifiers

PMID24976700
PMCPMC4069291

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.