ArticleAnnals of gastroenterology2014
Low hygiene and exposure to infections may be associated with increased risk for ulcerative colitis in a North Indian population.
Article in Annals of gastroenterology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Environmental Hygiene and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2016Pooled it
- Inflammatory bowel disease: a narrative review of disease evolution in South Asia and India over the last decade.Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2024Review
- Inflammatory bowel disease: An Indian perspective.The Indian journal of medical research · 2021Review
- Identification of demographic and environmental factors predisposing to ulcerative colitis in southern India.Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology · 2020Article
- The Association between Drinking Water Quality and Inflammatory Bowel Disease-A Study in Eastern Croatia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Is the emergence of inflammatory bowel disease a prime example of "the third epidemiological transition"?Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology · 2018Article
- Risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease: A prospective multi-center study.Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology · 2018Article
- Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in India: The Great Shift East.Inflammatory intestinal diseases · 2017Review
- Inflammatory bowel disease in India - Past, present and future.World journal of gastroenterology · 2016Review
- Influence of environmental factors on the onset and course of inflammatory bowel disease.World journal of gastroenterology · 2016Review
- Ulcerative Colitis and Its Association with Salmonella Species.Interdisciplinary perspectives on infectious diseases · 2016Article
- Epidemiology and risk factors for IBD.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2015Review
- Hygiene hypothesis in inflammatory bowel disease.Annals of gastroenterology · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrevious studies have attempted to link hygiene hypothesis with IBD. However most of these studies come from developed countries where the level of hygiene is high and universal. Very little data is available from developing countries. The present study explores the truth of hygiene hypotheses and other risk factors for ulcerative colitis (UC) in a North Indian population where the prevalence of UC has been increasing.
methodsA total of 518 patients diagnosed with UC and 188 age-matched controls were included in the study. A structured questionnaire concerning socio-demographics and level of hygiene was completed by all participants. Logistic regression analysis was used to study the association between hygiene-related factors and the risk for UC. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated.
resultsThere was a higher proportion of females (P<0.001), and a higher educational status (P=0.01) in UC patients compared with controls. A family history of IBD was present in 7.2% of cases and non-existent in controls. On multivariate analysis, after accounting for potential confounders, having a private bed (P<0.001), and having better toilet facilities [(RCA versus none, P=0.01; Flush toilet versus none, P=0.01), (RCA LATRINE as a toilet technology used in rural areas where no flush facility exists. It was developed under RCA project)] were inversely associated with risk for UC whereas owning a pet (P=0.01) and stressful events like a death in the family (P=0.01) were associated with greater risks for UC.
conclusionOur study does not provide definitive evidence to support hygiene hypothesis and rather suggests that the rising incidence of UC in North India may be attributable to inadequate sanitary measures or other as yet unidentified factors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
24976449PMC4073017W2157122152What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.