ArticleBirth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology2014
Pediatric inpatient hospital resource use for congenital heart defects.
Article in Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of social determinants of health on perioperative and interstage outcomes in congenital heart surgery a systematic review.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Ethical dilemmas in continuing pregnancy after a prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defects: a systematic review and narrative synthesis.BMC medical ethics · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- National Survival Estimates After Surgical Repair of Congenital Heart Disease.Circulation. Population health and outcomes · 2026Article
- Discharge Barriers and Length of Stay Following Congenital Heart Surgery: A Mixed-Methods Approach.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Individual Risk Versus Population Incidence: A Case Example With Congenital Heart Defects.Academic pediatrics · 2026Article
- Maternal Myo-Inositol Intake and Congenital Heart Defects in Offspring: A Population-Based Case-Control Study.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2026Article
- Contemporary outcomes of childhood aortic coarctation interventions: a national registry analysis of mortality, reinterventions and hospital resource use.Heart (British Cardiac Society) · 2026Article
- Second-Trimester Ultrasound Receipt Mediates the Relationship Between Public Insurance and Prenatal Diagnosis of a Congenital Heart Defect.Prenatal diagnosis · 2025Article
- 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2025Review
- Non-Immune Hydrops Fetalis in a Pregnant Woman with Chronic Alcohol Use: A Case Report.International medical case reports journal · 2025Article
- Hospital care in the first 10 years of life of children with congenital anomalies in six European countries: data from the EUROlinkCAT cohort linkage study.Archives of disease in childhood · 2024Article
- Cardiac Axis in Early Gestation and Congenital Heart Disease.Current cardiology reviews · 2024Review
- Study on the trend of congenital heart disease inpatient costs and its influencing factors in economically underdeveloped areas of China, 2015-2020: a case study of Gansu Province.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- ROR2 deficit may induce the tetralogy of Fallot via down-regulating of β-catenin/SOX3/HSPA6 in vitro and in vivo.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2023Article
- Patch Materials for Pulmonary Artery Arterioplasty and Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Augmentation: A Review.Pediatric cardiology · 2023Review
- Tissue Engineering of Vascular Grafts: A Case Report From Bench to Bedside and Back.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2023Review
- Mutations in genes related to myocyte contraction and ventricular septum development in non-syndromic tetralogy of Fallot.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Article
- Health Care Usage Among Adolescents With Congenital Heart Defects at 5 Sites in the United States, 2011 to 2013.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2022Article
- The associations between resilience and socio-demographic factors in parents who care for their children with congenital heart disease.International journal of nursing sciences · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCongenital heart defects (CHDs) occur in approximately 8 per 1000 live births. Improvements in detection and treatment have increased survival. Few national estimates of the healthcare costs for infants, children and adolescents with CHDs are available.
methodsWe estimated hospital costs for hospitalizations using pediatric (0-20 years) hospital discharge data from the 2009 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) for hospitalizations with CHD diagnoses. Estimates were up-weighted to be nationally representative. Mean costs were compared by demographic factors and presence of critical CHDs (CCHDs).
resultsUp-weighting of the KID generated an estimated 4,461,615 pediatric hospitalizations nationwide, excluding normal newborn births. The 163,980 (3.7%) pediatric hospitalizations with CHDs accounted for approximately $5.6 billion in hospital costs, representing 15.1% of costs for all pediatric hospitalizations in 2009. Approximately 17% of CHD hospitalizations had a CCHD, but it varied by age: approximately 14% of hospitalizations of infants, 30% of hospitalizations of patients aged 1 to 10 years, and 25% of hospitalizations of patients aged 11 to 20 years. Mean costs of CHD hospitalizations were higher in infancy ($36,601) than at older ages and were higher for hospitalizations with a CCHD diagnosis ($52,899). Hospitalizations with CCHDs accounted for 26.7% of all costs for CHD hospitalizations, with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, coarctation of the aorta, and tetralogy of Fallot having the highest total costs.
conclusionHospitalizations for children with CHDs have disproportionately high hospital costs compared with other pediatric hospitalizations, and the 17% of hospitalizations with CCHD diagnoses accounted for 27% of CHD hospital costs.
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