ArticleMethods in cell biology2014
High-resolution traction force microscopy.
Article in Methods in cell biology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 124 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
124 citing papers in PubMed.
- Optical Detection of Cellular Signals at Material Interfaces.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Prepatterned Tissue Stiffness Gradient Controls Organ shape and size.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Matrix Gla Protein is a novel regulator of TGFβ-dependent fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Article
- Volume and surface methods for microparticle traction force microscopy: a computational and experimental comparison.Soft matter · 2026Article
- Moderately Reduced Contractility Decreases Epithelial Cell-Cell Contact Rupture Under Large External Stretch.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Cell type-specific response to curvature controls tissue growth dynamics in biomaterial pores.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Traction Force Microscopy for Viscoelastic Substrates: A Semi-Analytical Method.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Traction Force Microscopy with DNA FluoroCubes.Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 2026Article
- Double Sided Traction Force Microscopy: A Method to Confine Cells for Physiologically Relevant Force Measurements.Cytoskeleton (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- A Versatile Three Dimensional Traction Force Microscopy Framework for Uncovering the Mechanics of Bio-Adhesion.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Dimensional memory in glioblastoma mechanics: Traction force analysis of cells cultured in 2D versus 3D collagen environments.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Increased substrate stiffness disrupts nuclear-cytoskeletal mechanical coupling in senescent cells.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- 3D force microscopy for volumetric quantification of ultrasound-induced loading: applications for bone repair.Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology · 2025Article
- Three-dimensional traction technology and its application in mechanomedicine.Mechanobiology in medicine · 2025Review
- Uncertainty-aware traction force microscopy.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Local polar order controls mechanical stress and triggers layer formation in Myxococcus xanthus colonies.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Analytical methods in studying cell force sensing: principles, current technologies and perspectives.Regenerative biomaterials · 2025Review
- Article
- Exploiting Matrix Stiffness to Overcome Drug Resistance.ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2024Review
- Cell-cell communication: new insights and clinical implications.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
64 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cellular forces generated by the actomyosin cytoskeleton and transmitted to the extracellular matrix (ECM) through discrete, integrin-based protein assemblies, that is, focal adhesions, are critical to developmental morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis, as well as disease progression in cancer. However, quantitative mapping of these forces has been difficult since there has been no experimental technique to visualize nanonewton forces at submicrometer spatial resolution. Here, we provide detailed protocols for measuring cellular forces exerted on two-dimensional elastic substrates with a high-resolution traction force microscopy (TFM) method. We describe fabrication of polyacrylamide substrates labeled with multiple colors of fiducial markers, functionalization of the substrates with ECM proteins, setting up the experiment, and imaging procedures. In addition, we provide the theoretical background of traction reconstruction and experimental considerations important to design a high-resolution TFM experiment. We describe the implementation of a new algorithm for processing of images of fiducial markers that are taken below the surface of the substrate, which significantly improves data quality. We demonstrate the application of the algorithm and explain how to choose a regularization parameter for suppression of the measurement error. A brief discussion of different ways to visualize and analyze the results serves to illustrate possible uses of high-resolution TFM in biomedical research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.