ReviewAmerican journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology2014
Sex differences in the mechanisms underlying long QT syndrome.
Review in American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Brazilian Guideline for Exercise Test in the Adult Population - 2024.Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2024Guideline
- Single Therapeutic and Supratherapeutic Doses of Ubrogepant Do Not Affect Cardiac Repolarization in Healthy Adults: Results From a Randomized Trial.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2020Trial
- Beyond pooled analysis: sex-specific cardiovascular adverse event reporting signals with antiarrhythmic drugs in FAERS.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Electrocardiographic Repolarization Changes Following Orchiectomy: Insights Into QT Interval Prolongation and Clinical Implications.Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc · 2026Article
- Sex-specific virtual population for the prediction and assessment of arrhythmia risk.Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology · 2026Article
- T-World Virtual Human Cardiomyocyte. I. Development, Validation, and Cell Arrhythmogenesis.Circulation research · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Antiarrhythmic Effects of Empagliflozin: The EMPA-ICD Trial Subanalysis.JACC. Asia · 2026Article
- ECG Sex Index in children and adolescents.European heart journal. Digital health · 2026Article
- Sex-based differences in the NRF2 oxidative stress response: Implications for precision therapeutics.Redox biology · 2026Review
- The Moderating Effect of Physical Activity Between IQOS Smoking and Ventricular Repolarization Parameters in Lebanese University Students.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Sex as a biological variable in nonclinical studies: Bridging scientific rigor, animal welfare, and regulatory expectations.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in Psychotropic Drug Exposure and Safety: A Systematic Review Toward Personalized Dosing Strategies.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- The Effects of Supraphysiological Estrogen Levels Observed During In Vitro Fertilization Treatment on Cardiac Electrophysiology.Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc · 2026Observational
- Effect of estrogen and testosterone on cardiac electrophysiology and atrial fibrillation.Heart rhythm O2 · 2026Review
- Epigenetic landscape of hormone-independent sexual dimorphism and characterization of canine XIST.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Is anaemia associated with QTc prolongation? A retrospective cross-sectional analysis from a rural population-based cohort.BMJ open · 2025Observational
- Arrhythmia Inducibility in the CAVB Dog Model, A Critical Analysis on Underlying Factors.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2025Article
- Development and Clinical Validation of a Cross-Sex Translator of ECG Drug Responses.JACC. Clinical electrophysiology · 2025Article
- Electrocardiographic sex index: a continuous representation of sex.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- Poincaré plot analysis of electrocardiogram uncovers beneficial effects of omaveloxolone in a mouse model of Friedreich's ataxia.Heart rhythm · 2025Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is a well-established phenomenon, but its degree varies tremendously among species. Since the early days of Einthoven's development of the three-lead galvanometer ECG, we have known there are marked differences in QT intervals of men and women. It required over a century to appreciate the profound implications of sex-based electrophysiological differences in QT interval on the panoply of sex differences with respect to arrhythmia risk, drug sensitivity, and treatment modalities. Little is known about the fundamental mechanism responsible for sex differences in electrical substrate of the human heart, in large part due to the lack of tissue availability. Animal models are an important research tool, but species differences in the sexual dimorphism of the QT interval, the ionic currents underlying the cardiac repolarization, and effects of sex steroids make it difficult to interpolate animal to human sex differences. In addition, in some species, different strains of the same animal model yield conflicting data. Each model has its strengths, such as ease of genetic manipulation in mice or size in dogs. However, many animals do not reproduce the sexual dimorphism of QT seen in humans. To match sex linked prolongation of QT interval and arrhythmogenic phenotype, the current data suggest that the rabbit may be best suited to provide insight into sex differences in humans. In the future, emerging technologies such as induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiac myocyte systems may offer the opportunity to study sex differences in a controlled hormonal situation in the context of a sex specific human model system.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.