ReviewJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2014
Current status of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the immunotherapy of melanoma.
Review in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 116 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
116 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 212 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review of the use of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with advanced melanoma.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2016Pooled it
- Efficacy and tolerability of neoadjuvant therapy with Talimogene laherparepvec in cutaneous basal cell carcinoma: a phase II trial (NeoBCC trial).Nature cancer · 2025Trial
- A phase II study of talimogene laherparepvec for patients with inoperable locoregional recurrence of breast cancer.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Biodistribution, shedding, and transmissibility of the oncolytic virus talimogene laherparepvec in patients with melanoma.EBioMedicine · 2019Trial
- Immune Correlates of GM-CSF and Melanoma Peptide Vaccination in a Randomized Trial for the Adjuvant Therapy of Resected High-Risk Melanoma (E4697).Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2017Trial
- Trial
- Talimogene Laherparepvec in Combination With Ipilimumab in Previously Untreated, Unresectable Stage IIIB-IV Melanoma.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2016Trial
- CXCL16-driven CD4Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- A simple and rapid method for generating antibodies against bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 viral proteins through immunization with virus-infected murine cells.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- GM-CSF Armed Oncolytic Adenovirus Enhances T-Cell Infiltration and Suppresses Local and Distal Tumor Growth.Viruses · 2026Article
- N4BP1 is essential for the development of oral cancer via controlling both cancer cells and immune microenvironment.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- Photoimmunological hydrogel vaccine creates a supportive immune niche to promote antigen cross-presentation cascade and cancer-immunity cycle progression.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Article
- Real-ambient PMParticle and fibre toxicology · 2025Article
- The anti-virus T cell response dominates the anti-cancer response in oncolytic virus therapy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Recent Advances in Molecular Research and Treatment for Melanoma in Asian Populations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Oncolytic virus encoding 4-1BBL and IL15 enhances the efficacy of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte adoptive therapy in HCC.Cancer gene therapy · 2025Article
- Engineered GM-CSF polarizes protumorigenic tumor-associated macrophages to an antitumorigenic phenotype and potently synergizes with IL-12 immunotherapy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Article
- Neoadjuvant oncolytic virus orienx010 and toripalimab in resectable acral melanoma: a phase Ib trial.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Article
- Review
- Review
56 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In 2012, it was estimated that 9180 people in the United States would die from melanoma and that more than 76,000 new cases would be diagnosed. Surgical resection is effective for early-stage melanoma, but outcomes are poor for patients with advanced disease. Expression of tumor-associated antigens by melanoma cells makes the disease a promising candidate for immunotherapy. The hematopoietic cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has a variety of effects on the immune system including activation of T cells and maturation of dendritic cells, as well as an ability to promote humoral and cell-mediated responses. Given its immunobiology, there has been interest in strategies incorporating GM-CSF in the treatment of melanoma. Preclinical studies with GM-CSF have suggested that it has antitumor activity against melanoma and can enhance the activity of anti-melanoma vaccines. Numerous clinical studies have evaluated recombinant GM-CSF as a monotherapy, as adjuvant with or without cancer vaccines, or in combination with chemotherapy. Although there have been suggestions of clinical benefit in some studies, results have been inconsistent. More recently, novel approaches incorporating GM-CSF in the treatment of melanoma have been evaluated. These have included oncolytic immunotherapy with the GM-CSF-expressing engineered herpes simplex virus talimogene laherparepvec and administration of GM-CSF in combination with ipilimumab, both of which have improved patient outcomes in phase 3 studies. This review describes the diverse body of preclinical and clinical evidence regarding use of GM-CSF in the treatment of melanoma.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.