ArticleNeurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics2014
Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells drive protective M2 microglia polarization after brain trauma.
Article in Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06163833 (MATRIx), which is not on this map. Cited by 100 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
MATRIx: MesenchymAl Stromal Cells for Traumatic bRain Injury
Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 153 citations in OpenAlex.
- Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Studies.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells on locomotor recovery in animal models of traumatic brain injury.Stem cell research & therapy · 2015Pooled it
- Review
- Auditory Stimulation of Slow-Wave Sleep Promotes Recovery after Brain Injury in an Animal Model.Annals of neurology · 2026Article
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy Modulates Peripheral-Central Immune Interactions and Attenuates Neuroinflammation-Driven Cognitive Dysfunction.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Targeting macrophage polarization: mechanisms and potential of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells therapy in acne treatment- a narrative review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A systematic scoring system to optimise the testing of neurotherapeutics in models of perinatal brain injury, with an applied case study of human umbilical-cord MSC.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Efferocytosis: the art of cellular clearance and novel perspectives in disease therapy.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Secretome and Its Key Bioactive Metabolites Induce Long-Term Neuroprotection After Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Repeated Intrathecal Stem Cells Optimize Neuroplasticity and Motor Function in Moderate-to-Severe Cerebral Palsy of Rats.Stem cells international · 2025Article
- HPGD: An Intermediate Player in Microglial Polarization and Multiple Sclerosis Regulated by Nr4a1.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Csf1Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Therapeutic potential of natural arginase modulators: mechanisms, challenges, and future directions.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Human Umbilical Cord-Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Microglia.Cells · 2024Article
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells-based Cell-free Therapy Targeting Neuroinflammation.Aging and disease · 2024Review
- Interplay between mesenchymal stromal cells and the immune system after transplantation: implications for advanced cell therapy in the retina.Neural regeneration research · 2024Review
- Innovative Insights into Traumatic Brain Injuries: Biomarkers and New Pharmacological Targets.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- MesenchymAl stromal cells for Traumatic bRain Injury (MATRIx): a study protocol for a multicenter, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase II trial.Intensive care medicine experimental · 2023Article
- Mesenchymal Stromal Cells-Derived Exosome and the Roles in the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2023Review
- A combination of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and monosialotetrahexosy 1 ganglioside alleviates neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury.Experimental brain research · 2023Article
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microglia/macrophages (M) are major contributors to postinjury inflammation, but they may also promote brain repair in response to specific environmental signals that drive classic (M1) or alternative (M2) polarization. We investigated the activation and functional changes of M in mice with traumatic brain injuries and receiving intracerebroventricular human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) or saline infusion. MSCs upregulated Ym1 and Arginase-1 mRNA (p < 0.001), two M2 markers of protective M polarization, at 3 and 7 d postinjury, and increased the number of Ym1(+) cells at 7 d postinjury (p < 0.05). MSCs reduced the presence of the lysosomal activity marker CD68 on the membrane surface of CD11b-positive M (p < 0.05), indicating reduced phagocytosis. MSC-mediated induction of the M2 phenotype in M was associated with early and persistent recovery of neurological functions evaluated up to 35 days postinjury (p < 0.01) and reparative changes of the lesioned microenvironment. In vitro, MSCs directly counteracted the proinflammatory response of primary murine microglia stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-α + interleukin 17 or by tumor necrosis factor-α + interferon-γ and induced M2 proregenerative traits, as indicated by the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and upregulation of Ym1 and CD206 mRNA (p < 0.01). In conclusion, we found evidence that MSCs can drive the M transcriptional environment and induce the acquisition of an early, persistent M2-beneficial phenotype both in vivo and in vitro. Increased Ym1 expression together with reduced in vivo phagocytosis suggests M selection by MSCs towards the M2a subpopulation, which is involved in growth stimulation and tissue repair.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.