ReviewEnvironmental health : a global access science source2014
Should oral gavage be abandoned in toxicity testing of endocrine disruptors?
Review in Environmental health : a global access science source, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 133 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phthalate Exposures and Placental Health in Animal Models and Humans: A Systematic Review.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2022Pooled it
- Using systematic reviews for hazard and risk assessment of endocrine disrupting chemicals.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2015Pooled it
- Moving beyond oral gavage: micropipette-guided drug administration (MDA) as a 3R refinement for voluntary oral drug delivery in rodents.Lab animal · 2026Article
- Susceptibility of the Placenta and Fetal Brain to Maternal Probiotic Supplementation.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Bioplastics Toxicity upon Ingestion: A Critical Review of Biotransformation and Gastrointestinal Effects.Polymers · 2026Review
- Bisphenol S and Neurological Health: An Integrated Overview of Neurotoxicity and Underlying Mechanisms.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- From Redox Imbalance to Tissue Injury: Insights Into Antidepressant Drug Amitriptyline Effects on Salivary Glands.Cell biochemistry and function · 2026Article
- Sex and strain differences in the micropipette-guided drug administration (MDA) method in mice.Laboratory animals · 2025Article
- Hepatotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2025Review
- Developmental Toxicity of Disinfection Byproducts in F344 Rats: Effects on Pregnancy Maintenance and Eye Development.Birth defects research · 2025Article
- Refined tamoxifen administration in mice by encouraging voluntary consumption of palatable formulations.Lab animal · 2024Article
- The Conflict between Regulatory Agencies over the 20,000-Fold Lowering of the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for Bisphenol A (BPA) by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- Prenatal and perinatal exposure to Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-contaminated drinking water impacts offspring neurobehavior and development.The Science of the total environment · 2024Article
- Metabolic effects of nuclear receptor activation in vivo after 28-day oral exposure to three endocrine-disrupting chemicals.Archives of toxicology · 2024Article
- Assessing utility of thyroid in vitro screening assays through comparisons to observed impacts in vivo.Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP · 2023Review
- Article
- Advanced Bioactive Glasses: The Newest Achievements and Breakthroughs in the Area.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- High Dose of Metformin Decreases Susceptibility to Occlusive Arterial Thrombosis in Diabetic Mice.Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology research · 2023Article
- Neurotoxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of nanomedicine · 2023Review
- The effect and underlying mechanisms of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on glucose homeostasis: A literature review.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2023Review
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
For decades, hazard assessments for environmental chemicals have used intra-gastric gavage to assess the effects of 'oral' exposures. It is now widely used--and in some cases required--by US federal agencies to assess potential toxicity of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In this review we enumerate several reasons why gavage is not appropriate for the assessment of EDCs using bisphenol A (BPA) as a main example. First, whereas human dietary exposures interact with the oral mucosa, gavage exposures avoid these interactions, leading to dramatic differences in absorption, bioavailability and metabolism with implications for toxicokinetic assumptions and models. Additionally, there are well acknowledged complications associated with gavage, such as perforation of the esophagus that diminish its value in toxicological experiments. Finally, the gavage protocol itself can induce stress responses by the endocrine system and confound the assessment of EDCs. These serious flaws have not been taken into account in interpreting results of EDC research. We propose the exploration of alternatives to mimic human exposures when there are multiple exposure routes/sources and when exposures are chronic. We conclude that gavage may be preferred over other routes for some environmental chemicals in some circumstances, but it does not appropriately model human dietary exposures for many chemicals. Because it avoids exposure pathways, is stressful, and thus interferes with endocrine responses, gavage should be abandoned as the default route of administration for hazard assessments of EDCs.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.