ReviewViruses2014
In the shadow of hemagglutinin: a growing interest in influenza viral neuraminidase and its role as a vaccine antigen.
Review in Viruses, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 121 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
121 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 165 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Immune Response to Influenza Neuraminidase After Vaccination: A Systematic Review.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Pooled it
- A Phase 1/2 Trial Evaluating the Safety and Immunogenicity of an mRNA-based Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Candidate Encoding Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- A Phase 2 Trial Evaluating the Immunogenicity and Safety of an mRNA-Based Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Candidate Encoding Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Review
- Cross-reactive human antibody responses to H9N2 influenza virus, New York, United States, 2025.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Meeting Report: Fourth Correlates of Protection for Next Generation Influenza Vaccines.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- mRNA-based seasonal influenza vaccines: an overview of immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A nanoemulsion-adjuvanted trivalent neuraminidase vaccine confers cross-protection against divergent influenza viruses.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Drug-Fc conjugate CD388 targets influenza virus neuraminidase and is broadly protective in mice.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Neuraminidase-specific antibodies drive differential cross-protection between contemporary FLUBV lineages.Science advances · 2025Article
- Article
- Progress in combination vaccines and the co-administration of influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Headless hemagglutinin-containing influenza viral particles direct immune responses toward more conserved epitopes.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Multivalent next generation influenza virus vaccines protect against seasonal and pre-pandemic viruses.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Characterization of non-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies that target the M1 and NP of influenza A viruses.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- Immunity induced by vaccination with recombinant influenza B virus neuraminidase protein breaks viral transmission chains in guinea pigs in an exposure intensity-dependent manner.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- Self-amplifying mRNA seasonal influenza vaccines elicit mouse neutralizing antibody and cell-mediated immunity and protect ferrets.NPJ vaccines · 2023Article
- Neuraminidase delivered as an APC-targeted DNA vaccine induces protective antibodies against influenza.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2023Article
- Always a bridesmaid, never a bride: Committing to flu neuraminidase as a vaccine target.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2023Article
- A protective measles virus-derived vaccine inducing long-lasting immune responses against influenza A virus H7N9.NPJ vaccines · 2023Article
61 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Despite the availability of vaccine prophylaxis and antiviral therapeutics, the influenza virus continues to have a significant, annual impact on the morbidity and mortality of human beings, highlighting the continued need for research in the field. Current vaccine strategies predominantly focus on raising a humoral response against hemagglutinin (HA)-the more abundant, immunodominant glycoprotein on the surface of the influenza virus. In fact, anti-HA antibodies are often neutralizing, and are used routinely to assess vaccine immunogenicity. Neuraminidase (NA), the other major glycoprotein on the surface of the influenza virus, has historically served as the target for antiviral drug therapy and is much less studied in the context of humoral immunity. Yet, the quest to discern the exact importance of NA-based protection is decades old. Also, while antibodies against the NA glycoprotein fail to prevent infection of the influenza virus, anti-NA immunity has been shown to lessen the severity of disease, decrease viral lung titers in animal models, and reduce viral shedding. Growing evidence is intimating the possible gains of including the NA antigen in vaccine design, such as expanded strain coverage and increased overall immunogenicity of the vaccine. After giving a tour of general influenza virology, this review aims to discuss the influenza A virus neuraminidase while focusing on both the historical and present literature on the use of NA as a possible vaccine antigen.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.