ReviewCNS drugs2014
Role of appetite-regulating peptides in the pathophysiology of addiction: implications for pharmacotherapy.
Review in CNS drugs, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 126 citations in OpenAlex.
- An Overview of Appetite-Regulatory Peptides in Addiction Processes; From Bench to Bed Side.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Pooled it
- The Microbiota, the Gut and the Brain in Eating and Alcohol Use Disorders: A 'Ménage à Trois'?Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) · 2017Pooled it
- Oral Semaglutide for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.The American journal of psychiatry · 2026Trial
- A closer look at alcohol-induced changes in the ghrelin system: novel insights from preclinical and clinical data.Addiction biology · 2022Trial
- A randomized controlled trial of the GLP-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide in primary polydipsia.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2021Trial
- Neuroendocrine Response to Exogenous Ghrelin Administration, Combined With Alcohol, in Heavy-Drinking Individuals: Findings From a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Human Laboratory Study.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2021Trial
- Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on fluid intake in healthy volunteers.Endocrine · 2020Trial
- Effects of oral, smoked, and vaporized cannabis on endocrine pathways related to appetite and metabolism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, human laboratory study.Translational psychiatry · 2020Trial
- Neuroendocrine response to GABA-B receptor agonism in alcohol-dependent individuals: Results from a combined outpatient and human laboratory experiment.Neuropharmacology · 2018Trial
- Exenatide once weekly for smoking cessation: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial.Medicine · 2018Trial
- Leptin levels are reduced by intravenous ghrelin administration and correlated with cue-induced alcohol craving.Translational psychiatry · 2015Trial
- A comparison of a behavioral weight loss program to a stress management program: A pilot randomized controlled trial.Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)Trial
- The relationship between food insecurity and tobacco or alcohol use in Great Britain: A representative population-based survey.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- Efficacy and safety of semaglutide for obesity and hyperphagia in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Observational
- Multisystem regulation of reward and addiction: beyond the dopaminergic system.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- The association between glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and/or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist prescriptions and substance-related outcomes in patients with opioid and alcohol use disorders: A real-world data analysis.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
- Peptide with Dual Roles in Immune and Metabolic Regulation: Liver-Expressed Antimicrobial Peptide-2 (LEAP-2).Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Potential Therapeutic Role of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in the Management of Opioid Use Disorders: A Literature Review.Addiction & health · 2025Review
- The Potential Utility of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Medications for Addiction Treatment: A Narrative Review of Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence.Current addiction reports · 2025Article
- Satiety: a gut-brain-relationship.The journal of physiological sciences : JPS · 2024Review
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Food intake and appetite are regulated by various circulating hormones including ghrelin and glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1). Ghrelin, mainly released from the stomach, increases food intake, induces appetite, enhances adiposity as well as releases growth hormone. Hypothalamic "ghrelin receptors" (GHS-R1A) have a critical role in food intake regulation, but GHS-R1A are also expressed in reward related areas. GLP-1 is produced in the intestinal mucosa as well as in the hindbrain in response to nutrient ingestion. This gut-brain hormone reduces food intake as well as regulates glucose homeostasis, foremost via GLP-1 receptors in hypothalamus and brain stem. However, GLP-1 receptors are expressed in areas intimately associated with reward regulation. Given that regulation of food and drug intake share common neurobiological substrates, the possibility that ghrelin and GLP-1 play an important role in reward regulation should be considered. Indeed, this leading article describes that the orexigenic peptide ghrelin activates the cholinergic-dopaminergic reward link, an important part of the reward systems in the brain associated with reinforcement and thereby increases the incentive salience for motivated behaviors via this system. We also review the role of ghrelin signaling for reward induced by alcohol and addictive drugs from a preclinical, clinical and human genetic perspective. In addition, the recent findings showing that GLP-1 controls reward induced by alcohol, amphetamine, cocaine and nicotine in rodents are overviewed herein. Finally, the role of several other appetite regulatory hormones for reward and addiction is briefly discussed. Collectively, these data suggest that ghrelin and GLP-1 receptors may be novel targets for development of pharmacological treatments of alcohol and drug dependence.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.