Trial reportInternational journal of obesity (2005)2015
Ileal brake activation: macronutrient-specific effects on eating behavior?
Trial report in International journal of obesity (2005), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 33 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect of an Encapsulated Nutrient Mixture on Ileal Brake Activation: A Double-blind Randomized Study to Investigate the Effects on Body Weight, Food Intake and Satiety.
The Effect of Repetitive Intake of Lipids in Alginate Gel on Food Intake and Satiety
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sports Dietitians Australia and Ultra Sports Science Foundation Joint Position Statement: A Practitioner Guide to the Prevention and Management of Exercise-Associated Gastrointestinal Perturbations and Symptoms.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Guideline
- Effect of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics on gastrointestinal outcomes in healthy adults and active adults at rest and in response to exercise-A systematic literature review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Intraintestinal Delivery of Tastants Using a Naso-Duodenal-Ileal Catheter Does Not Influence Food Intake or Satiety.Nutrients · 2019Trial
- The Effect of an Encapsulated Nutrient Mixture on Food Intake and Satiety: A Double-Blind Randomized Cross-Over Proof of Concept Study.Nutrients · 2018Trial
- Effects of lipid emulsion particle size on satiety and energy intake: a randomised cross-over trial.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2018Trial
- Brown rice compared to white rice slows gastric emptying in humans.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2018Trial
- Small intestinal protein infusion in humans: evidence for a location-specific gradient in intestinal feedback on food intake and GI peptide release.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2017Trial
- Feed-forward neural network model for hunger and satiety related VAS score prediction.Theoretical biology & medical modelling · 2016Trial
- Acyl-CoA Synthetase 5 Knockout and Inhibitors Protect Against Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice by Activating the Ileal Brake.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Article
- Changes in gastrointestinal motility and gut hormone secretion after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy for individuals with severe obesity.Clinical obesity · 2025Article
- Feeding a Multi-Enzyme Blend to Enhance the Nutrient Digestibility of Wheat-Canola Expeller Diets in Ileal-Cannulated Weaned Pigs.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Ultraprocessed Foods and Obesity Risk: A Critical Review of Reported Mechanisms.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Review
- Gut physiology meets microbiome science.Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England) · 2023Review
- Interplay between grain digestion and fibre in relation to gastro-small-intestinal passage rate and feed intake in pigs.European journal of nutrition · 2021Article
- Review on the Regional Effects of Gastrointestinal Luminal Stimulation on Appetite and Energy Intake: (Pre)clinical Observations.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Feeding Tolerance, Glucose Availability, and Whole-Body Total Carbohydrate and Fat Oxidation in Male Endurance and Ultra-Endurance Runners in Response to Prolonged Exercise, Consuming a Habitual Mixed Macronutrient Diet and Carbohydrate Feeding During Exercise.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Gastrointestinal Assessment and Therapeutic Intervention for the Management of Exercise-Associated Gastrointestinal Symptoms: A Case Series Translational and Professional Practice Approach.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Enteroendocrine Hormone Secretion and Metabolic Control: Importance of the Region of the Gut Stimulation.Pharmaceutics · 2020Review
- Ileal Transposition in Rats Reduces Energy Intake, Body Weight, and Body Fat Most Efficaciously When Ingesting a High-Protein Diet.Obesity surgery · 2020Article
- Chemical Characterization, Gastrointestinal Motility and Sensory Evaluation of Dark Chocolate: A Nutraceutical Boosting Consumers' Health.Nutrients · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundActivation of the ileal brake, by infusing lipid directly into the distal part of the small intestine, alters gastrointestinal (GI) motility and inhibits food intake. The ileal brake effect on eating behavior of the other macronutrients is currently unknown.
objectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ileal infusion of sucrose and casein on food intake, release of GI peptides, gastric emptying rate and small-bowel transit time with safflower oil as positive control.
designThis randomized, single-blind, crossover study was performed in 13 healthy subjects (6 male; mean age 26.4±2.9 years; mean body mass index 22.8±0.4 kg m(-2)) who were intubated with a naso-ileal catheter. Thirty minutes after the intake of a standardized breakfast, participants received an ileal infusion, containing control ((C) saline), safflower oil ((HL) 51.7 kcal), low-dose casein ((LP) 17.2 kcal) or high-dose casein ((HP) 51.7 kcal), low-dose sucrose ((LC) 17.2 kcal) and high-dose sucrose ((HC) 51.7 kcal), over a period of 90 min. Food intake was determined during an ad libitum meal. Visual analogue score questionnaires for hunger and satiety and blood samples were collected at regular intervals.
resultsIleal infusion of lipid, protein and carbohydrate resulted in a significant reduction in food intake compared with control (HL: 464.3±90.7 kcal, P<0.001; HP: 458.0±78.6 kcal, P<0.005; HC: 399.0±57.0 kcal, P<0.0001 vs control: 586.7±70.2 kcal, P<0.001, respectively). A reduction in energy intake was still apparent when the caloric amount of infused nutrients was added to the amount eaten during the ad libitum meal.Secretion of cholecystokinin and peptide YY but not of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) was increased during ileal perfusion of fat, carbohydrates and protein. During ileal perfusion of all macronutrients, a delay in gastric emptying and intestinal transit was observed, but differences were not significant compared with control.
conclusionApart from lipids, also sucrose and casein reduce food intake on ileal infusion, thereby activating the ileal brake. In addition to food intake, also satiety and GI peptide secretion were affected.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.