SynthesisPsychological bulletin2014
Genetic and environmental continuity in personality development: a meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Psychological bulletin, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 431 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-wide association studies of infant and toddler temperament in European and multi-ancestry populations.Nature human behaviour · 2026Pooled it
- The Stability and Change of Loneliness Across the Life Span: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies.Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc · 2020Pooled it
- A meta-analysis of longitudinal associations between substance use and interpersonal attachment security.Psychological bulletin · 2018Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Extraversion: Findings from the Genetics of Personality Consortium.Behavior genetics · 2016Pooled it
- Trial
- Efficacy of path-oriented psychological self-help interventions to improve mental health of empty-nest older adults in the Community of China.BMC psychiatry · 2019Trial
- Childhood Correlates of Genetic Propensity to Personality Traits.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Personality and mental health as mediators linking childhood maltreatment to intimate partner violence victimization: a Mendelian randomization-direction of causation twin study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Person-environment transaction underlying personality development in middle and late adulthood.Developmental psychology · 2026Article
- Reactions to Tinnitus Based on Color Code Personality Type.Journal of the American Academy of Audiology · 2026Article
- Stability and Change in Wellbeing Throughout Adolescence and Its Relationship with Life Events: A Longitudinal Twin Study.Behavior genetics · 2026Article
- Interrelations between daily stress processes and Big Five personality trait changes over 20 years.Psychology and aging · 2026Article
- Personality Genomics.Annual review of psychology · 2026Review
- Genetic and phenotypic insights into shell integrity and market traits in farmed Pacific oysters.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Perplexing patterns of personality codevelopment: Findings from a 17-year longitudinal study of Mexican-origin families.Journal of personality and social psychology · 2025Article
- An interdisciplinary linked-lives approach to individual differences in social behaviour.Nature human behaviour · 2025Review
- The Relationship Between Childhood Abuse, Personality, and Depression: A Narrative Review.Alpha psychiatry · 2025Review
- Aversive societal conditions explain differences in "dark" personality across countries and US states.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Genetic and environmental contributions to adult attachment styles: Evidence from the Minnesota Twin Registry.Journal of personality and social psychology · 2025Article
- Interrelationships Among Personality Traits, Depressive Symptoms, Childhood Abuse, and Social Disability.Depression and anxiety · 2025Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The longitudinal stability of personality is low in childhood but increases substantially into adulthood. Theoretical explanations for this trend differ in the emphasis placed on intrinsic maturation and socializing influences. To what extent does the increasing stability of personality result from the continuity and crystallization of genetically influenced individual differences, and to what extent does the increasing stability of life experiences explain increases in personality trait stability? Behavioral genetic studies, which decompose longitudinal stability into sources associated with genetic and environmental variation, can help to address this question. We aggregated effect sizes from 24 longitudinal behavioral genetic studies containing information on a total of 21,057 sibling pairs from 6 types that varied in terms of genetic relatedness and ranged in age from infancy to old age. A combination of linear and nonlinear meta-analytic regression models were used to evaluate age trends in levels of heritability and environmentality, stabilities of genetic and environmental effects, and the contributions of genetic and environmental effects to overall phenotypic stability. Both the genetic and environmental influences on personality increase in stability with age. The contribution of genetic effects to phenotypic stability is moderate in magnitude and relatively constant with age, in part because of small-to-moderate decreases in the heritability of personality over child development that offset increases in genetic stability. In contrast, the contribution of environmental effects to phenotypic stability increases from near zero in early childhood to moderate in adulthood. The life-span trend of increasing phenotypic stability, therefore, predominantly results from environmental mechanisms.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.