ReviewJournal of immunology research2014
The "Trojan Horse" approach to tumor immunotherapy: targeting the tumor microenvironment.
Review in Journal of immunology research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nature-Inspired Trojan Materials as Invisible Enablers of Advanced Humidity Sensors.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Advancing glioblastoma therapy with surface-modified nanoparticles.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Review
- Carborane Conjugates with Ibuprofen, Fenoprofen and Flurbiprofen: Synthesis, Characterization, COX Inhibition Potential and In Vitro Activity.ChemMedChem · 2025Article
- Integrated Analysis of Phagocytic and Immunomodulatory Markers in Cervical Cancer Reveals Constellations of Potential Prognostic Relevance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The use of Trojan-horse drug delivery system in managing periodontitis.International dental journal · 2023Review
- Prognostic Utility of CD47 in Cancer of the Uterine Cervix and the Sensitivity of Immunohistochemical Scores.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Development of a TNF-α-mediated Trojan Horse for bacteria-based cancer therapy.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2022Article
- Leukemic stem cell signatures in Acute myeloid leukemia- targeting the Guardians with novel approaches.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2022Review
- How Our Continuing Studies of the Pre-clinical Inbred Mouse Models of Mesothelioma Have Influenced the Development of New Therapies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
- Submicron particle docetaxel intratumoral injection in combination with anti-mCTLA-4 into 4T1-Luc orthotopic implants reduces primary tumor and metastatic pulmonary lesions.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2021Article
- Nanomedicine and Onco-Immunotherapy: From the Bench to Bedside to Biomarkers.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Immunotherapy and for Gene and Drug Delivery.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2020Review
- Phase I dose-escalation study to determine the safety, tolerability, preliminary efficacy and pharmacokinetics of an intratumoral injection of tigilanol tiglate (EBC-46).EBioMedicine · 2019Article
- Article
- Clinical characteristics of patient selection and imaging predictors of outcome in solid tumors treated with checkpoint-inhibitors.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2017Review
- Immediate breast reconstruction with omental flap for luminal breast cancer patients: Ten clinical case reports.Medicine · 2017Article
- The Oncopig Cancer Model: An Innovative Large Animal Translational Oncology Platform.Frontiers in oncology · 2017Review
- Tumour-associated mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: emerging therapeutic targets.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2017Review
- Effect of IL-17 in the development of colon cancer in mice.Oncology letters · 2016Article
- Combining anaerobic bacterial oncolysis with vaccination that blocks interleukin-10 signaling may achieve better outcomes for late stage cancer management.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Most anticancer therapies including immunotherapies are given systemically; yet therapies given directly into tumors may be more effective, particularly those that overcome natural suppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment. The "Trojan Horse" approach of intratumoural delivery aims to promote immune-mediated destruction by inducing microenvironmental changes within the tumour at the same time as avoiding the systemic toxicity that is often associated with more "full frontal" treatments such as transfer of large numbers of laboratory-expanded tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes or large intravenous doses of cytokine. Numerous studies have demonstrated that intratumoural therapy has the capacity to minimizing local suppression, inducing sufficient "dangerous" tumor cell death to cross-prime strong immune responses, and rending tumor blood vessels amenable to immune cell traffic to induce effector cell changes in secondary lymphoid organs. However, the key to its success is the design of a sound rational approach based on evidence. There is compelling preclinical data for local immunotherapy approaches in tumor immunology. This review summarises how immune events within a tumour can be modified by local approaches, how this can affect systemic antitumor immunity such that distal sites are attacked, and what approaches have been proven most successful so far in animals and patients.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.