ReviewHeart rhythm2014
How do sex hormones modify arrhythmogenesis in long QT syndrome? Sex hormone effects on arrhythmogenic substrate and triggered activity.
Review in Heart rhythm, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond pooled analysis: sex-specific cardiovascular adverse event reporting signals with antiarrhythmic drugs in FAERS.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Obesity and shorter QT intervals: sex- and adiposity distribution-specific patterns of ventricular repolarization in healthy Asian youth.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Observational
- Genetic Investigation of Corrected QT Interval Sensitivity to Oral Bepridil Hydrochloride Hydrate in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- BMAL1 mediates sex-specific circadian regulation of cardiac ion channels and temporal arrhythmia vulnerability.Heart rhythm · 2026Article
- Inhibitory effect of 17β-estradiol on the THIK-1 channel.PloS one · 2026Article
- Inhibitory effect of oestradiol on the cardiac KExperimental physiology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in human atrial electrophysiology: the dark side of the moon? Will engineered heart tissue help to bring light into the darkness?Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Sex and sex hormonal regulation of the atrial inward rectifier potassium current (IK1): insights into potential pro-arrhythmic mechanisms.Cardiovascular research · 2025Article
- Current and future precision therapy approaches in the long QT syndrome.Medizinische Genetik : Mitteilungsblatt des Berufsverbandes Medizinische Genetik e.V · 2025Article
- Cardiac Channelopathies: Clinical Diagnosis and Promising Therapeutics.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Review
- Long QT Interval Syndrome and Female Sex-Review and Case Report.Reports (MDPI) · 2025Article
- Global burden, temporal trends and geographic disparities of younger-onset atrial fibrillation in adults aged 30-45 years, 1990-2021: a population-based study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Trends, gender, and racial disparities in patients with mortality due to paroxysmal tachycardia: A nationwide analysis from 1999-2020.PloS one · 2025Article
- [Cardiac channelopathies in the context of hereditary arrhythmia syndromes].Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- Sex-related similarities and differences in responses to heart failure therapies.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2024Review
- Practical solutions for including sex as a biological variable (SABV) in preclinical neuropsychopharmacological research.Journal of neuroscience methods · 2024Review
- New drug discovery of cardiac anti-arrhythmic drugs: insights in animal models.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- 25 years of basic and translational science in EP Europace: novel insights into arrhythmia mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology · 2023Review
- Sex Related Differences in Electrocardiography.Physiological research · 2023Review
- Burden of Purkinje ectopies associated with sex hormone levels.HeartRhythm case reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Gender differences in cardiac repolarization and the arrhythmogenic risk of patients with inherited and acquired long QT syndromes are well appreciated clinically. Enhancing our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying these differences is critical to improve our therapeutic strategies for preventing sudden cardiac death in such patients. This review summarizes the effects of sex hormones on the expression and function of ion channels that control cardiac cell excitation and repolarization as well as key proteins that regulate Ca(2+) dynamics at the cellular level. Moreover, it examines the role of sex hormones in modifying the dynamic spatiotemporal (regional and transmural) heterogeneities in action potential duration (eg, the arrhythmogenic substrate) and the susceptibility to (sympathetic) triggered activity at the tissue, organ, and whole animal levels. Finally, it explores the implications of these effects on the management of patients with LQTS.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.