SynthesisBMJ open2014
Lifestyle risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease: a systematic review.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex differences in bacterial meningitis and associations with socioeconomic indicators: a systematic review and meta-analysis with metaregression.BMJ global health · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of behavioural risk factors on communicable diseases: a systematic review of reviews.BMC public health · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pneumococcal vaccination awareness and uptake among high-risk patients attending internal medicine outpatient clinics: A cross-sectional study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Real-World Vaccination Data Analysis for Three Vaccines Among Individuals Aged 60 and Older in Shanghai, China.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and COVID-19 Coinfection: A Series of Cases Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit.Cureus · 2022Article
- Invasive pneumococcal disease confirmed in five different sites including Austrian syndrome in a male patient with methamphetamine abuse.BMJ case reports · 2020Article
- Gastrointestinal symptoms in invasive pneumococcal disease: a cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Decreasing case fatality rate following invasive pneumococcal disease, North East England, 2006-2016.Epidemiology and infection · 2019Article
- Outbreak of invasiveCanada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2018Article
- Identifying English Practices that Are High Antibiotic Prescribers Accounting for Comorbidities and Other Legitimate Medical Reasons for Variation.EClinicalMedicine · 2018Article
- Should UK Pneumococcal Vaccine Eligibility Criteria Include Alcohol Dependency in Areas with High Alcohol-Related Mortality?Vaccines · 2018Article
- Triptych of the Hermit Saints: pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines for the elderly.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2018Review
- Coeliac disease and invasive pneumococcal disease: a population-based cohort study.Epidemiology and infection · 2017Article
- Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Among HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Adults in a Large Integrated Healthcare System.AIDS patient care and STDs · 2016Article
- Pneumococcal Vaccination Strategies. An Update and Perspective.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2016Review
- Pneumococcal disease burden from an Indian perspective: Need for its prevention in pulmonology practice.Lung India : official organ of Indian Chest SocietyReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo systematically review the literature for evidence of smoking and alcohol intake as independent risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD).
designSystematic review.
methodsMEDLINE (1946-May 2012) and EMBASE (1947-May 2012) were searched for studies investigating alcohol or smoking as risk factors for acquiring IPD and which reported results as relative risk. Studies conducted exclusively in clinical risk groups, those assessing risk factors for outcomes other than acquisition of IPD and studies describing risk factors without quantifying a relative risk were excluded.
resultsSeven observational studies were identified and reviewed; owing to the heterogeneity of study design, meta-analysis was not attempted. Five of six studies investigating smoking reported an increased risk of IPD in the range 2.2-4.1. Four of the six studies investigating alcohol intake reported a significant increased risk for IPD ranging from 2.9 to 11.4, while one reported a significant protective effect.
conclusionsOverall, these observational data suggest that smoking and alcohol misuse may increase the risk of IPD in adults, but the magnitude of this risk remains unclear and should be explored with further research. The findings of this review will contribute to the debate on whether pneumococcal vaccine should be offered to smokers and people who misuse alcohol in addition to other clinically defined risk groups.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.