ArticleNature chemistry2014
Development of a minimal saponin vaccine adjuvant based on QS-21.
Article in Nature chemistry, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed.
- Synthesis and In Vivo Immunological Evaluation of Novel Saponin-Antigen Conjugates Incorporating Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate and Peptide Epitopes.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Advances in the heterologous biosynthesis of QS saponins: a review.Microbial cell factories · 2026Review
- Article
- Article
- Lewis-X-Containing Triterpenoid Saponins Inhibit DC-SIGN- and L-SIGN-Mediated Transfer of HIV-1 Infection.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- Immunological and Toxicological Assessment of Triterpenoid Saponins Bearing Lewis-X- and QS-21-Based Trisaccharides.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- Nano/Micro-Enabled Modification and Innovation of Conventional Adjuvants for Next-Generation Vaccines.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2025Review
- Linking vaccine adjuvant mechanisms of action to function.Science immunology · 2025Review
- Saponin-based adjuvant uptake and induction of antigen cross-presentation by CD11b+ dendritic cells and macrophages.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- A streamlined synthetic approach to the truncated linear trisaccharide fragment of QS-21.Frontiers in chemistry · 2025Article
- From bark to bench: innovations in QS-21 adjuvant characterization and manufacturing.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Enhancing vaccine effectiveness in the elderly to counter antibiotic resistance: The potential of adjuvants via pattern recognition receptors.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Combination Adjuvants Enhance Recombinant H5 Hemagglutinin Vaccine Protection Against High-Dose Viral Challenge in Chickens.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Intranasal Immunization with Nasal Immuno-Inducible Sequence-Fused Antigens Elicits Antigen-Specific Antibody Production.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Design and Synthesis of Immunoadjuvant QS-21 Analogs and Their Biological Evaluation.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Development of semisynthetic saponin immunostimulants.Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents · 2024Review
- Pre-Clinical Development of an Adenovirus Vector Based RSV and Shingles Vaccine Candidate.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Article
- Development of synthetic, self-adjuvanting, and self-assembling anticancer vaccines based on a minimal saponin adjuvant and the tumor-associated MUC1 antigen.Chemical science · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Adjuvants are materials added to vaccines to enhance the immunological response to an antigen. QS-21 is a natural product adjuvant under investigation in numerous vaccine clinical trials, but its use is constrained by scarcity, toxicity, instability and an enigmatic molecular mechanism of action. Herein we describe the development of a minimal QS-21 analogue that decouples adjuvant activity from toxicity and provides a powerful platform for mechanistic investigations. We found that the entire branched trisaccharide domain of QS-21 is dispensable for adjuvant activity and that the C4-aldehyde substituent, previously proposed to bind covalently to an unknown cellular target, is also not required. Biodistribution studies revealed that active adjuvants were retained preferentially at the injection site and the nearest draining lymph nodes compared with the attenuated variants. Overall, these studies have yielded critical insights into saponin structure-function relationships, provided practical synthetic access to non-toxic adjuvants, and established a platform for detailed mechanistic studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.