Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24948709›Full record

ArticleJournal of the National Cancer Institute2014

Time to smoke first morning cigarette and lung cancer in a case-control study.

Fangyi Gu, Sholom Wacholder, Stephanie Kovalchik, Orestis A Panagiotou, Carolyn Reyes-Guzman, Neal D Freedman, Sara De Matteis, Dario Consonni, Pier Alberto Bertazzi, Andrew W Bergen and 2 more

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Article in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
29citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  4. Trial
  5. Potential Impact of Including Time to First Cigarette in Risk Models for Selecting Ever-Smokers for Lung Cancer Screening.Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer · 2017
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  11. Smoking, Lung Cancer Stage, and Prognostic Factors-Findings from the National Lung Screening Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024
    Article
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  18. Genome-Wide Meta-Analyses of FTND and TTFC Phenotypes.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020
    Article
  19. Observational
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Fangyi GuAffiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD (FG, SW, SK, OAP, CR-G, NDF, SDM, MTL, NEC); Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK (SDM); Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (SDM, DC, PAB); Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (AWB).
Sholom WacholderAffiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD (FG, SW, SK, OAP, CR-G, NDF, SDM, MTL, NEC); Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK (SDM); Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (SDM, DC, PAB); Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (AWB).
Stephanie KovalchikAffiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD (FG, SW, SK, OAP, CR-G, NDF, SDM, MTL, NEC); Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK (SDM); Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (SDM, DC, PAB); Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (AWB).
Orestis A PanagiotouAffiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD (FG, SW, SK, OAP, CR-G, NDF, SDM, MTL, NEC); Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK (SDM); Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (SDM, DC, PAB); Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (AWB).
Carolyn Reyes-GuzmanAffiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD (FG, SW, SK, OAP, CR-G, NDF, SDM, MTL, NEC); Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK (SDM); Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (SDM, DC, PAB); Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (AWB).
Neal D FreedmanAffiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD (FG, SW, SK, OAP, CR-G, NDF, SDM, MTL, NEC); Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK (SDM); Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (SDM, DC, PAB); Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (AWB).
Sara De MatteisAffiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD (FG, SW, SK, OAP, CR-G, NDF, SDM, MTL, NEC); Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK (SDM); Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (SDM, DC, PAB); Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (AWB).
Dario ConsonniAffiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD (FG, SW, SK, OAP, CR-G, NDF, SDM, MTL, NEC); Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK (SDM); Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (SDM, DC, PAB); Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (AWB).
Pier Alberto BertazziAffiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD (FG, SW, SK, OAP, CR-G, NDF, SDM, MTL, NEC); Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK (SDM); Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (SDM, DC, PAB); Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (AWB).
Andrew W BergenAffiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD (FG, SW, SK, OAP, CR-G, NDF, SDM, MTL, NEC); Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK (SDM); Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (SDM, DC, PAB); Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (AWB).
Maria Teresa LandiAffiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD (FG, SW, SK, OAP, CR-G, NDF, SDM, MTL, NEC); Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK (SDM); Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (SDM, DC, PAB); Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (AWB).
Neil E CaporasoAffiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD (FG, SW, SK, OAP, CR-G, NDF, SDM, MTL, NEC); Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK (SDM); Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (SDM, DC, PAB); Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (AWB). caporaso@nih.gov fangyigu@gmail.com.

Funding

University of Toronto Coordinating Genetics Core & Clinical Trial SiteU01DA020830 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI HATSUKAMI, DOROTHY K · 2005 to 2014
$22.4M
DMET Genes, Nicotine Metabolism and Prospective AbstinenceR21DA033813 · NIDA · SRI INTERNATIONAL · PI BERGEN, ANDREW W · 2012 to 2013
$528k
Intramural NIH HHSNIDA NIH HHS DA020830NIDA NIH HHS DA033813NIDA NIH HHS R21 DA033813NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA020830
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTargeting smokers at higher lung cancer risk can improve efficiency and reduce false-positive detection in lung cancer screening. We evaluated whether time to first cigarette after waking (TTFC), a single-item measure of nicotine dependency, could improve stratification of lung cancer risk beyond standard smoking metrics (intensity, duration, and pack-years).

methodsIn 3249 ever-smokers (n = 1812 case subjects; n = 1437 control subjects) from a population-based case-control study in Italy, we examined the association between TTFC and lung cancer using logistic regression and estimated lung cancer incidence by levels of TTFC, and intensity, duration, and pack-years using absolute risk regression. Significance tests were two-sided.

resultsCompared with smokers with TTFC greater than 60 minutes, the lung cancer odds ratios for TTFC of 31 to 60 minutes, 6 to 30 minutes, and 5 or fewer minutes (by increasing dependency) were 2.57 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.03 to 3.26), 2.27 (95% CI = 1.79 to 2.88), and 3.50 (95% CI = 2.64 to 4.64), respectively (P trend < .0001). The average lung cancer incidence rates for smokers of 1 to 10, 11 to 20, 21 to 30 and more than 30 cigarettes per day were consistently higher among smokers with TTFC of 60 or fewer minutes vs more than 60 minutes (64.1 vs 11.7; 125.6 vs 28.6; 130.1 vs 40.7; and 260.8 vs 108.9 per 100000 person-years, respectively). The slopes of increase in lung cancer rates with smoking duration and pack-years were statistically significantly greater among smokers with higher dependency (P interaction < .001).

conclusionsLung cancer risk increases with shorter TTFC; this simple nicotine dependency measure increases lung cancer risk stratification beyond standard smoking measures. Assessing TTFC may improve lung cancer risk prediction and could be useful in lung cancer screening and smoking cessation programs.

Indexed as

AdultAgedCase-Control StudiesFemaleHumansIncidenceItalyLung NeoplasmsMaleMiddle AgedRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsSmokingTime Factors

Identifiers

PMID24948709
PMCPMC4072901

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.