Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24943953›Full record

ArticleNature2014

Ultrafast X-ray probing of water structure below the homogeneous ice nucleation temperature.

J A Sellberg, C Huang, T A McQueen, N D Loh, H Laksmono, D Schlesinger, R G Sierra, D Nordlund, C Y Hampton, D Starodub and 17 more

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
89citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

89 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Assessing Order in Liquid, Supercooled, and Crystalline Water.The journal of physical chemistry. B · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Direct observation of liquid-liquid phase coexistence in deeply supercooled water using an accurate polarizable multipole model.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Deep residual networks for crystallography trained on synthetic data.Acta crystallographica. Section D, Structural biology · 2024
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

27 authors.

J A Sellberg1] SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA [2] Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
C HuangStanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA.
T A McQueen1] SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA [2] Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
N D LohPULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
H LaksmonoPULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
D SchlesingerDepartment of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
R G SierraPULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
D NordlundStanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA.
C Y HamptonPULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
D StarodubPULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
D P DePonte1] Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany [2] Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA.
M Beye1] SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA [2] Institute for Methods and Instrumentation in Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Campus, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
C Chen1] SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA [2] Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
A V MartinCenter for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
A BartyCenter for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
K T WikfeldtDepartment of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
T M WeissStanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA.
C CaronnaLinac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA.
J FeldkampLinac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA.
L B SkinnerMineral Physics Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, New York 11794-2100, USA.
M M SeibertLinac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA.
M MesserschmidtLinac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA.
G J WilliamsLinac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA.
S BoutetLinac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA.
L G M PetterssonDepartment of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
M J BoganPULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
A Nilsson1] SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA [2] Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden [3] Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Water has a number of anomalous physical properties, and some of these become drastically enhanced on supercooling below the freezing point. Particular interest has focused on thermodynamic response functions that can be described using a normal component and an anomalous component that seems to diverge at about 228 kelvin (refs 1-3). This has prompted debate about conflicting theories that aim to explain many of the anomalous thermodynamic properties of water. One popular theory attributes the divergence to a phase transition between two forms of liquid water occurring in the 'no man's land' that lies below the homogeneous ice nucleation temperature (TH) at approximately 232 kelvin and above about 160 kelvin, and where rapid ice crystallization has prevented any measurements of the bulk liquid phase. In fact, the reliable determination of the structure of liquid water typically requires temperatures above about 250 kelvin. Water crystallization has been inhibited by using nanoconfinement, nanodroplets and association with biomolecules to give liquid samples at temperatures below TH, but such measurements rely on nanoscopic volumes of water where the interaction with the confining surfaces makes the relevance to bulk water unclear. Here we demonstrate that femtosecond X-ray laser pulses can be used to probe the structure of liquid water in micrometre-sized droplets that have been evaporatively cooled below TH. We find experimental evidence for the existence of metastable bulk liquid water down to temperatures of 227(-1)(+2) kelvin in the previously largely unexplored no man's land. We observe a continuous and accelerating increase in structural ordering on supercooling to approximately 229 kelvin, where the number of droplets containing ice crystals increases rapidly. But a few droplets remain liquid for about a millisecond even at this temperature. The hope now is that these observations and our detailed structural data will help identify those theories that best describe and explain the behaviour of water.

Identifiers

PMID24943953

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.