ReviewImmunological reviews2014
The mucus and mucins of the goblet cells and enterocytes provide the first defense line of the gastrointestinal tract and interact with the immune system.
Review in Immunological reviews, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 631 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
631 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,294 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of natural products in the intestinal barrier: a bibliometric analysis from 2004 to 2025.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- The metabolic endotoxemia and gut microbiota: research trajectories and hot trends across the centuries (1999-2024).Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- In vitro and in vivo fermentation models to study the function of dietary fiber in pig nutrition.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Pooled it
- Effects of a diverse prebiotic fibre blend on inflammation, the gut microbiota and affective symptoms in metabolic syndrome: a pilot open-label randomised controlled trial.The British journal of nutrition · 2024Trial
- Effects of a diverse prebiotic fibre supplement on HbA1c, insulin sensitivity and inflammatory biomarkers in pre-diabetes: a pilot placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial.The British journal of nutrition · 2024Trial
- Article
- MUC17 and the intestinal glycocalyx: structure, regulation, and barrier function in health and disease.Bioscience reports · 2026Review
- Comparative evaluation of the gastroprotective effects of lactic acid bacteria strains against ethanol/HCl-induced gastric injury.Food science of animal resources · 2026Article
- Defined O-acetylated Neu5Ac substrates reveal position-specific preferences of gut bacterial sialidases.Glycobiology · 2026Article
- Tissue and cellular spatiotemporal dynamics in colon aging.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- Orally administered biomimetic nanovesicles engineered with FGF2 orchestrate mucosal healing and microbiome remodeling in inflammatory bowel disease.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Spiky mesoporous silica-based nanovaccines enhance mucosal immunity with improved intestinal retention and antigen accessibility.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Epithelial Chloride and Bicarbonate Transport in Intestinal Barrier Failure: A Molecular Target-Validation Assessment of CFTR and SLC26A3/DRA in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Extremophyte-derived exosome-like nanovesicles remodel intestinal barrier dysfunction by multi-dimensional intervention: physical barrier repair with immune homeostasis and microbiome regulation.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Correlation between the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium and susceptibility to PEDV infection in piglets at different ages.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Viable and Heat-InactivatedMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- The gut-bone-inflammation axis: intestinal barrier disruption as a central driver of osteoporosis.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2026Review
- Enhanced Bioactivities of FermentedCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Mpi-driven N-glycosylation orchestrates mucin O-glycosylation and intestinal homeostasis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The Gastrointestinal Barrier-Mechanisms of Barrier Dysfunction in Liver Cirrhosis and Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis.Biomedicines · 2026Review
571 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is covered by mucus that has different properties in the stomach, small intestine, and colon. The large highly glycosylated gel-forming mucins MUC2 and MUC5AC are the major components of the mucus in the intestine and stomach, respectively. In the small intestine, mucus limits the number of bacteria that can reach the epithelium and the Peyer's patches. In the large intestine, the inner mucus layer separates the commensal bacteria from the host epithelium. The outer colonic mucus layer is the natural habitat for the commensal bacteria. The intestinal goblet cells secrete not only the MUC2 mucin but also a number of typical mucus components: CLCA1, FCGBP, AGR2, ZG16, and TFF3. The goblet cells have recently been shown to have a novel gate-keeping role for the presentation of oral antigens to the immune system. Goblet cells deliver small intestinal luminal material to the lamina propria dendritic cells of the tolerogenic CD103(+) type. In addition to the gel-forming mucins, the transmembrane mucins MUC3, MUC12, and MUC17 form the enterocyte glycocalyx that can reach about a micrometer out from the brush border. The MUC17 mucin can shuttle from a surface to an intracellular vesicle localization, suggesting that enterocytes might control and report epithelial microbial challenge. There is communication not only from the epithelial cells to the immune system but also in the opposite direction. One example of this is IL10 that can affect and improve the properties of the inner colonic mucus layer. The mucus and epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract are the primary gate keepers and controllers of bacterial interactions with the host immune system, but our understanding of this relationship is still in its infancy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.