Observational studyBMC nephrology2014
Proteinuria and hematuria are associated with acute kidney injury and mortality in critically ill patients: a retrospective observational study.
Observational study in BMC nephrology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of acute kidney injury in the intensive care units of developed and developing countries.PloS one · 2020Pooled it
- Immediate postoperative urine dipstick occult blood positivity: a simple and early indicator of high-risk acute kidney injury after on-pump cardiac surgery.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Shear-wave elastography in renal stiffness in children with hematuria and/or proteinuria.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- CD8Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients on haemodialysis at Jimma medical center, Ethiopia: a 7-Year review.BMC nephrology · 2024Article
- Long-term outcomes after severe acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the SALTO study.Annals of intensive care · 2023Article
- Clinical Characteristics of Acute Kidney Injury Associated with Tropical Acute Febrile Illness.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Clinical Outcome and Risk Assessment in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients with Elevated Transaminases and Acute Kidney Injury: A Single Center Study.Oman medical journal · 2022Article
- The Perspective of Vitamin D on suPAR-Related AKI in COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Using dipstick urinalysis to predict development of acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19.BMC nephrology · 2022Article
- AKI in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2021Observational
- COVID-19 and the kidney: A retrospective analysis of 37 critically ill patients using machine learning.PloS one · 2021Article
- Retrospective Study on Acute Kidney Injury among Cholera Patients in an Outbreak in Whitefield, Bengaluru.International journal of nephrology · 2021Article
- Frequency and factors associated with proteinuria in COVID-19 patients: a cross-sectional study.The Pan African medical journal · 2021Article
- Renal Involvement and Early Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2020Article
- Association of acute kidney injury and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study.American journal of translational research · 2020Article
- Serum and Urine Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Levels Measured at Admission Predict Progression to Chronic Kidney Disease in Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury Patients.Disease markers · 2020Article
- Mild to moderate proteinuria is a heralding sign for acute kidney injury and mortality for intensive care unit patientsTurkish journal of medical sciences · 2019Observational
- Renal recovery after acute kidney injury.Intensive care medicine · 2017Review
- Proteinuria as an independent risk factor for contrast-induced acute kidney injury and mortality in patients with stroke undergoing cerebral angiography.Journal of neurointerventional surgery · 2017Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundProteinuria and hematuria are both important health issues; however, the nature of the association between these findings and acute kidney injury (AKI) or mortality remains unresolved in critically ill patients.
methodsProteinuria and hematuria were measured by a dipstick test and scored using a scale ranging from a negative result to 3+ in 1883 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. AKI was defined according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines. The odds ratios (ORs) for AKI and 3-year mortality were calculated after adjustment for multiple covariates according to the degree of proteinuria or hematuria. For evaluating the synergistic effect on mortality among proteinuria, hematuria, and AKI, the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) was used.
resultsProteinuria and hematuria increased the ORs for AKI: the ORs of proteinuria were 1.66 (+/-), 1.86 (1+), 2.18 (2+), and 4.74 (3+) compared with non-proteinuria; the ORs of hematuria were 1.31 (+/-), 1.58 (1+), 2.63 (2+), and 2.52 (3+) compared with non-hematuria. The correlations between the mortality risk and proteinuria or hematuria were all significant and graded (Ptrend<0.001). There was a relative excess risk of mortality when both AKI and proteinuria or hematuria were considered together: the synergy indexes were 1.30 and 1.23 for proteinuria and hematuria, respectively.
conclusionsProteinuria and hematuria are associated with the risks of AKI and mortality in critically ill patients. Additionally, these findings had a synergistic effect with AKI on mortality.
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