ArticleDiabetologia2014
GAD autoantibody affinity in schoolchildren from the general population.
Article in Diabetologia, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Characterization of human organ donors testing positive for type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibodies.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2015Trial
- The Heterogeneity of Type 1 Diabetes: Implications for Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment-2024 Diabetes, Diabetes Care, and Diabetologia Expert Forum.Diabetes care · 2025Review
- Review
- The heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes: implications for pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment-2024 Diabetes, Diabetes Care, and Diabetologia Expert Forum.Diabetologia · 2025Review
- From Prediction to Prevention: The Intricacies of Islet Autoantibodies in Type 1 Diabetes.Current diabetes reports · 2025Review
- Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Autoimmune Diabetes: An Autoinflammatory Disease.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2025Review
- Islet autoantibodies as precision diagnostic tools to characterize heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review.Communications medicine · 2024Article
- GAD65 Antibody Epitopes and Genetic Background in Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Youth (LADY).Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Primary DQ effect in the association between HLA and neurological syndromes with anti-GAD65 antibodies.Journal of neurology · 2020Article
- Birth and coming of age of islet autoantibodies.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2019Review
- Discrepancy of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 autoantibody results between RSR radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients with type 1 diabetes is related to autoantibody affinity.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2019Article
- Actual condition survey regarding mismatch of measurements between radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests for anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody in real-world clinical practice.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2019Observational
- Expression of recombinant glutamic acid decarboxylase in insect larvae and its application in an immunoassay for the diagnosis of autoimmune diabetes mellitus.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes by insulin and GAD in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus.Endocrine connections · 2017Article
- ECL-IAA and ECL-GADA Can Identify High-Risk Single Autoantibody-Positive Relatives in the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention Study.Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2016Article
- Islet Autoantibodies.Current diabetes reports · 2016Review
- CD4 T cell differentiation in type 1 diabetes.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2016Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aims/hypothesisSubtyping GAD autoantibody (GADA) responses using affinity measurement allows the identification of GADA-positive children with a family history of type 1 diabetes who are at risk of developing diabetes. Here, we asked whether GADA affinity is a useful marker to stratify the risk of type 1 diabetes in GADA-positive schoolchildren from the general population.
methodsGADA affinity was measured by competitive binding experiments with [(125)I]-labelled and unlabelled human 65 kDa isoform of GAD (GAD65) in sera from 97 GADA-positive children identified in the Karlsburg Type 1 Diabetes Risk Study of a general schoolchild population in north-eastern Germany. GADA epitope specificity was determined using radiobinding assays with [(35)S]-labelled GAD65/67 kDa isoform of GAD (GAD67) chimeric proteins.
resultsGADA affinity was high, ≥ 10(10) l/mol, in 33 of 35 multiple islet autoantibody-positive children. In contrast, the affinity ranged widely among 62 single GADA-positive children (median 3.1 × 10(9) l/mol; range 5.6 × 10(6) to >4.0 × 10(11) l/mol; p < 0.0001). High-affinity GADA were associated with HLA-DRB1*03 (p = 0.02) and predominantly directed against the C-terminal and/or middle part of the GAD65 protein. At follow-up, the affinity remained relatively constant. Five of the single GADA-positive children developed additional islet autoantibodies and had high-affinity GADA. Twenty-six children progressed to type 1 diabetes; among them, 23 had GADA affinities of ≥ 10(10) l/mol before disease onset. CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationSchoolchildren from the general population may develop heterogeneous GADA responses, and a high affinity can identify those GADA-positive children who are more likely to progress to type 1 diabetes.
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