ArticleDiabetes2014
Blood and islet phenotypes indicate immunological heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes.
Article in Diabetes, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 149 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
149 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 236 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circulating biomarkers during progression to type 1 diabetes: A systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- The Identification of Diabetes Mellitus Subtypes Applying Cluster Analysis Techniques: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Phenotypic Analysis of Human Lymph Nodes in Subjects With New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes and Healthy Individuals by Flow Cytometry.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Trial
- Autoreactive T effector memory differentiation mirrors β cell function in type 1 diabetes.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2018Trial
- Age-independent immune subtypes in type 1 diabetes exhibit distinct post-onset progression rates and immunotherapeutic responses.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Transcriptomics of type 1 diabetes progression: a validation study in newly diagnosed patients.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Multi-tissue multi-omics integration reveals tissue-specific pathways, gene networks and drug candidates for type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Predictive Autoantibodies Before the Diagnosis of Type I Diabetes in Adults.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Multi-omics reveals microbiota, metabolite, and immunological heterogeneity of age-related endotypes in type 1 diabetes.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Differences in immune cell profiles around the time of islet autoimmunity seroconversion in children with and without type 1 diabetes.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2026Article
- Review
- Bi-allelic variants in the non-protein-coding minor spliceosome components RNU6ATAC and RNU4ATAC cause syndromic monogenic autoimmune diabetes.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- CXCR3 expression on antigen-experienced B cells is systemically dysregulated in type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Review
- The Heterogeneity of Type 1 Diabetes: Implications for Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment-2024 Diabetes, Diabetes Care, and Diabetologia Expert Forum.Diabetes care · 2025Review
- The heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes: implications for pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment-2024 Diabetes, Diabetes Care, and Diabetologia Expert Forum.Diabetologia · 2025Review
- Phenotypic Spectrum at Diagnosis of Age-Related Endotypes of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study in China.Journal of diabetes · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Beyond inflammation: the multifaceted therapeutic potential of targeting the CXCL8-CXCR1/2 axis in type 1 diabetes.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
89 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
19 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Studies in type 1 diabetes indicate potential disease heterogeneity, notably in the rate of β-cell loss, responsiveness to immunotherapies, and, in limited studies, islet pathology. We sought evidence for different immunological phenotypes using two approaches. First, we defined blood autoimmune response phenotypes by combinatorial, multiparameter analysis of autoantibodies and autoreactive T-cell responses in 33 children/adolescents with newly diagnosed diabetes. Multidimensional cluster analysis showed two equal-sized patient agglomerations characterized by proinflammatory (interferon-γ-positive, multiautoantibody-positive) and partially regulated (interleukin-10-positive, pauci-autoantibody-positive) responses. Multiautoantibody-positive nondiabetic siblings at high risk of disease progression showed similar clustering. Additionally, pancreas samples obtained post mortem from a separate cohort of 21 children/adolescents with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes were examined immunohistologically. This revealed two distinct types of insulitic lesions distinguishable by the degree of cellular infiltrate and presence of B cells that we termed "hyper-immune CD20Hi" and "pauci-immune CD20Lo." Of note, subjects had only one infiltration phenotype and were partitioned by this into two equal-sized groups that differed significantly by age at diagnosis, with hyper-immune CD20Hi subjects being 5 years younger. These data indicate potentially related islet and blood autoimmune response phenotypes that coincide with and precede disease. We conclude that different immunopathological processes (endotypes) may underlie type 1 diabetes, carrying important implications for treatment and prevention strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.