ReviewNeuropsychology2015
Does bilingualism contribute to cognitive reserve? Cognitive and neural perspectives.
Review in Neuropsychology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Contribution of Cognitive Reserve to Mental Health Against Adversarial Life Events in a Large Cross-Sectional Sample of Japanese People.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2026Article
- Deconstructing bilingualism and its sociocultural determinants in cognitive aging and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- The role of bilingualism on functional decline and neurodegeneration in distinct ADRD clinical syndromes.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Linking the 1940 U.S. Census to the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: Novel Opportunity to Understand the Effects of Early-Life Residential Environment on Cognitive Aging.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- Associations between music training and language fluency on cognitive control and processing speed.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Psychometric reliability, validity, and generalizability of 3MSE scores among American Indian adults: the Strong Heart Study.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2024Article
- Examining the relation between bilingualism and age of symptom onset in frontotemporal dementia.Bilingualism (Cambridge, England) · 2024Article
- Article
- Resting-state functional connectivity in lifelong musicians.Psychoradiology · 2023Article
- The influence of bilingualism on gray matter volume in the course of aging: a longitudinal study.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Article
- Cognitive decline monitoring through a web-based application.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Article
- Referential and inferential production across the lifespan: different patterns and different predictive cognitive factors.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- A cultural approach to dementia - insights from US Latino and other minoritized groups.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2022Review
- Bilingualism and Aging: Implications for (Delaying) Neurocognitive Decline.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Review
- Bilingualism, Dementia, and the Neurological Mechanisms in Between: The Need for a More Critical Look Into Dementia Subtypes.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
- The protective impact of education on brain structure and function in Alzheimer's disease.BMC neurology · 2021Article
- Comparison of Activation in the Prefrontal Cortex of Native Speakers of Mandarin by Ability of Japanese as a Second Language Using a Novel Speaking Task.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Effects of Lifelong Musicianship on White Matter Integrity and Cognitive Brain Reserve.Brain sciences · 2021Article
- Lifelong Bilingualism Functions as an Alternative Intervention for Cognitive Reserve Against Alzheimer's Disease.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Review
- Effects of bilingualism on age at onset in two clinical Alzheimer's disease variants.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveCognitive reserve refers to how individuals actively utilize neural resources to cope with neuropathology to maintain cognitive functioning. The present review aims to critically examine the literature addressing the relationship between bilingualism and cognitive reserve to elucidate whether bilingualism delays the onset of cognitive and behavioral manifestations of dementia. Potential neural mechanisms behind this relationship are discussed.
methodPubMed and PsycINFO databases were searched (through January 2014) for original research articles in English or Spanish languages. The following search strings were used as keywords for study retrieval: "bilingual AND reserve," "reserve AND neural mechanisms," and "reserve AND multilingualism."
resultsGrowing scientific evidence suggests that lifelong bilingualism contributes to cognitive reserve and delays the onset of Alzheimer's disease symptoms, allowing bilingual individuals affected by Alzheimer's disease to live an independent and richer life for a longer time than their monolingual counterparts. Lifelong bilingualism is related to more efficient use of brain resources that help individuals maintain cognitive functioning in the presence of neuropathology. We propose multiple putative neural mechanisms through which lifelong bilinguals cope with neuropathology. The roles of immigration status, education, age of onset, proficiency, and frequency of language use on the relationship between cognitive reserve and bilingualism are considered.
conclusionsImplications of these results for preventive practices and future research are discussed.
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