ArticleNeurogenetics2014
'Neuroinflammation' differs categorically from inflammation: transcriptomes of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and inflammatory diseases compared.
Article in Neurogenetics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Extracellular Vesicles and Purinergic Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease-Joining Forces for Novel Therapeutic Approach.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Microglial Activation and Priming in Alzheimer's Disease: State of the Art and Future Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The role of microglia in neuropsychiatric disorders and suicide.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2022Review
- Cytokine Signalling at the Microglial Penta-Partite Synapse.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Review
- Iron Dysregulation and Inflammagens Related to Oral and Gut Health Are Central to the Development of Parkinson's Disease.Biomolecules · 2020Review
- Article
- Effects of air pollution on the nervous system and its possible role in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2020Review
- Parkinson's Disease: A Systemic Inflammatory Disease Accompanied by Bacterial Inflammagens.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2019Article
- Pseudane-VII Regulates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation in Brain Microglia Cells through the Inhibition of iNOS Expression.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Article
- Role of purinergic receptors in the Alzheimer's disease.Purinergic signalling · 2018Review
- Cellular Sources and Regional Variations in the Expression of the Neuroinflammatory Marker Translocator Protein (TSPO) in the Normal Brain.International journal of molecular sciences · 2018Article
- Rat astrocytes during anoxia: Secretome profile of cytokines and chemokines.Brain and behavior · 2018Article
- Mitochondrial dysfunction and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in chronic inflammatory diseases.Mitochondrion · 2018Review
- Sifting through the surfeit of neuroinflammation tracers.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2018Review
- Iron Dysregulation and Dormant Microbes as Causative Agents for Impaired Blood Rheology and Pathological Clotting in Alzheimer's Type Dementia.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2018Review
- Reconceptualization of translocator protein as a biomarker of neuroinflammation in psychiatry.Molecular psychiatry · 2018Review
- Commonalities in epileptogenic processes from different acute brain insults: Do they translate?Epilepsia · 2018Review
- Constructing the Immune Signature of Schizophrenia for Clinical Use and Research; An Integrative Review Translating Descriptives Into Diagnostics.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
'Neuroinflammation' has become a widely applied term in the basic and clinical neurosciences but there is no generally accepted neuropathological tissue correlate. Inflammation, which is characterized by the presence of perivascular infiltrates of cells of the adaptive immune system, is indeed seen in the central nervous system (CNS) under certain conditions. Authors who refer to microglial activation as neuroinflammation confuse this issue because autoimmune neuroinflammation serves as a synonym for multiple sclerosis, the prototypical inflammatory disease of the CNS. We have asked the question whether a data-driven, unbiased in silico approach may help to clarify the nomenclatorial confusion. Specifically, we have examined whether unsupervised analysis of microarray data obtained from human cerebral cortex of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and schizophrenia patients would reveal a degree of relatedness between these diseases and recognized inflammatory conditions including multiple sclerosis. Our results using two different data analysis methods provide strong evidence against this hypothesis demonstrating that very different sets of genes are involved. Consequently, the designations inflammation and neuroinflammation are not interchangeable. They represent different categories not only at the histophenotypic but also at the transcriptomic level. Therefore, non-autoimmune neuroinflammation remains a term in need of definition.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.