ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2014
From empiricism to rational design: a personal perspective of the evolution of vaccine development.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pangenome-GuidedPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Review
- Development of a multi-epitope vaccine candidate targeting conserved regions of human metapneumovirus.Virusdisease · 2025Article
- Innate immunity and training to subvert original antigenic sin by the humoral immune response.eLife · 2025Article
- Leaf Saponins ofPharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Article
- The Use of Next-Generation Sequencing in Personalized Medicine.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Review
- Computational tools and data integration to accelerate vaccine development: challenges, opportunities, and future directions.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- 4CMenB journey to the 10-year anniversary and beyond.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Article
- Adjuvant potential of Peyssonnelia caulifera extract on the efficacy of an influenza vaccine in a murine model.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Liposomes, transfersomes and niosomes: production methods and their applications in the vaccinal field.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Review
- Article
- Cancer theragnostics: closing the loop for advanced personalized cancer treatment through the platform integration of therapeutics and diagnostics.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Review
- Structure and Dynamics Guiding Design of Antibody Therapeutics and Vaccines.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Genetic Engineering ofMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- A Review of Protein- and Peptide-Based Chemical Conjugates: Past, Present, and Future.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Advanced Vaccine Design Strategies against SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Variants.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Evaluation of the humoral and mucosal immune response of a multiepitope vaccine against COVID-19 in pigs.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- An Optimized FI-RSV Vaccine Effectively Protects Cotton Rats and BALB/c Mice without Causing Enhanced Respiratory Disease.Viruses · 2022Article
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccination, which is the most effective medical intervention that has ever been introduced, originated from the observation that individuals who survived a plague or smallpox would not get the disease twice. To mimic the protective effects of natural infection, Jenner - and later Pasteur - inoculated individuals with attenuated or killed disease-causing agents. This empirical approach inspired a century of vaccine development and the effective prophylaxis of many infectious diseases. From the 1980s, several waves of new technologies have enabled the development of novel vaccines that would not have been possible using the empirical approach. The technological revolution in the field of vaccination is now continuing, and it is delivering novel and safer vaccines. In this Timeline article, we provide our views on the transition from empiricism to rational vaccine design.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.