ArticleImmunology2014
Changes in immunological profile as a function of urbanization and lifestyle.
Article in Immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antimalarial artesunate-mefloquine versus praziquantel in African children with schistosomiasis: an open-label, randomized controlled trial.Nature medicine · 2024Trial
- Early-life immunological and microbial differences between East African and North European children.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Systems analysis unravels a common rural-urban gradient in immunological profile, function, and metabolic dependencies.Science advances · 2025Article
- Article
- Inflammaging Markers in the Extremely Cold Climate: A Case Study of Yakutian Population.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Lifestyle score is associated with cellular immune profiles in healthy Tanzanian adults.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Immunological factors linked to geographical variation in vaccine responses.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Silent battles: immune responses in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2024Review
- Prevalence and functional profile of SARS-CoV-2 T cells in asymptomatic Kenyan adults.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Article
- The notable global heterogeneity in the distribution of COVID-19 cases and the association with pre-existing parasitic diseases.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Skin and nasal colonization of coagulase-negative staphylococci are associated with atopic dermatitis among South African toddlers.PloS one · 2022Article
- Article
- Urban living in healthy Tanzanians is associated with an inflammatory status driven by dietary and metabolic changes.Nature immunology · 2021Article
- Article
- Immunological Considerations forFrontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- The conundrum of human immune system "senescence".Mechanisms of ageing and development · 2020Review
- Platelet and hemoglobin count at diagnosis are associated with survival in African American and Caucasian patients with colorectal cancer.Cancer epidemiology · 2020Article
- BCG scar, socioeconomic and nutritional status: a study of newborns in urban area of Makassar, Indonesia.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2019Article
- Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Colorectal Cancer Survival in African American and Caucasian Patients.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Differences in lifestyle and break with natural environment appear to be associated with changes in the immune system resulting in various adverse health effects. Although genetics can have a major impact on the immune system and disease susceptibility, the contribution of environmental factors is thought to be substantial. Here, we investigated the immunological profile of healthy volunteers living in a rural and an urban area of a developing African country (Senegal), and in a European country (the Netherlands). Using flow cytometry, we investigated T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, Th22 and regulatory T cells, as well as CD4(+) T-cell and B-cell activation markers, and subsets of memory T and B cells in the peripheral blood. Rural Senegalese had significantly higher frequencies of Th1, Th2 and Th22 cells, memory CD4(+) T and B cells, as well as activated CD4(+) T and B cells compared with urban Senegalese and urban Dutch people. Within the Senegalese population, rural paritcipants displayed significantly higher frequencies of Th2 and Th22 cells, as well as higher pro-inflammatory and T-cell activation and memory profiles compared with the urban population. The greater magnitude of immune activation and the enlarged memory pool, together with Th2 polarization, seen in rural participants from Africa, followed by urban Africans and Europeans suggest that environmental changes may define immunological footprints, which could have consequences for disease patterns in general and vaccine responses in particular.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.