ArticleJournal of virology2014
Influenza virus infectivity and virulence following ocular-only aerosol inoculation of ferrets.
Article in Journal of virology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Route of Inoculation Determines Symptom Profile and Replication Dynamics After low Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Infection in Ferrets.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Update on Ophthalmic Implications of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Influenza-Associated Ocular Complications: A Comprehensive Review of Viral Subtypes, Clinical Presentations, and Vaccination Risks.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Ocular infectivity and replication of a clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) influenza virus associated with human conjunctivitis in a dairy farm worker in the USA: an in-vitro and ferret study.The Lancet. Microbe · 2025Article
- Influenza A Virus Utilizes the Nasolacrimal System to Establish Respiratory Infection after Ocular Exposure in the Swine Model.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2024Article
- Detection of Airborne Influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 Virus Shedding following Ocular Inoculation of Ferrets.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Influenza A virus infection and pathology in nasal and periocular tissues after ocular inoculation in ferrets.Veterinary pathology · 2022Article
- COVID-19 and the eye: alternative facts The 2022 Bowman Club, David L. Easty lecture.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2022Review
- Inherent Heterogeneity of Influenza A Virus Stability following Aerosolization.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2022Article
- Mucosal Challenge Ferret Models of Ebola Virus Disease.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Mammalian pathogenicity and transmissibility of low pathogenic avian influenza H7N1 and H7N3 viruses isolated from North America in 2018.Emerging microbes & infections · 2020Article
- Detection of an avian lineage influenza A(H7N2) virus in air and surface samples at a New York City feline quarantine facility.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2018Article
- The eyes have it: influenza virus infection beyond the respiratory tract.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2018Review
- Comparing the performance of 3 bioaerosol samplers for influenza virus.Journal of aerosol science · 2018Article
- Airborne Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus during Processing of Infected Poultry.Emerging infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Pathogenesis, Transmissibility, and Tropism of a Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H7N7) Virus Associated With Human Conjunctivitis in Italy, 2013.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2017Article
- A Novel A(H7N2) Influenza Virus Isolated from a Veterinarian Caring for Cats in a New York City Animal Shelter Causes Mild Disease and Transmits Poorly in the Ferret Model.Journal of virology · 2017Article
- Role of H7 hemagglutinin in murine infectivity of influenza viruses following ocular inoculation.Virology · 2017Article
- Complexities in Ferret Influenza Virus Pathogenesis and Transmission Models.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2016Review
- Mammalian Pathogenesis and Transmission of H7N9 Influenza Viruses from Three Waves, 2013-2015.Journal of virology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
unlabelledRespiratory pathogens have traditionally been studied by examining the exposure and infection of respiratory tract tissues. However, these studies typically overlook the role of ocular surfaces, which represent both a potential site of virus replication and a portal of entry for the establishment of a respiratory infection. To model transocular virus entry in a mammalian species, we established a novel inoculation method that delivers an aerosol inoculum exclusively to the ferret ocular surface. Using influenza virus as a representative respiratory pathogen, we found that both human and avian viruses mounted productive respiratory infections in ferrets following ocular-only aerosol inoculation, and we demonstrated that H5N1 virus can result in a fatal infection at doses below 10 PFU or with exposure times as short as 2 min. Ferrets inoculated by the ocular aerosol route with an avian (H7N7, H7N9) or human (H1N1, H3N2v) virus were capable of transmitting the virus to naïve animals in direct-contact or respiratory-droplet models, respectively. Our results reveal that ocular-only exposure to virus-containing aerosols constitutes a valid exposure route for a potentially fatal respiratory infection, even for viruses that do not demonstrate an ocular tropism, underscoring the public health implications of ocular exposure in clinical or occupational settings. IMPORTANCE: In the absence of eye protection, the human ocular surface remains vulnerable to infection with aerosolized respiratory viruses. In this study, we present a way to inoculate laboratory mammals that excludes respiratory exposure, infecting ferrets only by ocular exposure to influenza virus-containing aerosols. This study demonstrates that the use of respiratory protection alone does not fully protect against influenza virus exposure, infection, and severe disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.