ArticleBMC medicine2014
Outpatient antibiotic prescribing in the United States: 2000 to 2010.
Article in BMC medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 131 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
131 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Antibiotic use and colorectal neoplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open gastroenterology · 2021Pooled it
- Behavioural interventions to address rational use of antibiotics in outpatient settings of low-income and lower-middle-income countries.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2021Pooled it
- Eunkyosan for the common cold: A PRISMA-compliment systematic review of randomised, controlled trials.Medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Fluoroquinolone-Associated Tendinopathy of the Hand and Wrist: A Systematic Review and Case Report.Hand (New York, N.Y.) · 2017Pooled it
- Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) to reduce the use of antibiotics for acute upper respiratory tract infections in primary care.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Systematic Review of Factors Associated with Antibiotic Prescribing for Respiratory Tract Infections.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2016Pooled it
- A prospective cluster randomized trial of an interventions bundle to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections in the outpatient setting.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Perceptions and Practices of Community Pharmacists towards Antimicrobial Stewardship in the State of Selangor, Malaysia.PloS one · 2016Trial
- Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of parents toward antibiotic use in children attending public hospitals in Mogadishu, Somalia.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- Baicalin-Chlorogenic Acid Self-Assembled Nanoparticles: A Carrier-Free Nano-Formulation for the Treatment of Acute Pharyngitis.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Medicare Part D and Hospital Admissions due to Antimicrobial Resistance.Health economics · 2026Article
- Association between Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Use and Risk of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2026Article
- Exploring the intricate link between gut microbiota dysbiosis and the aging process: implications for age-related diseases.Gut pathogens · 2025Review
- A four-gene signature from blood to exclude bacterial etiology of lower respiratory tract infection in adults.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Antibiotic treatment limits survival of peripheral and bone marrow B-cell populations.Blood advances · 2025Article
- Parental knowledge, attitudes and practices on the use of antibiotics among their children in Jordan: a cross-sectional study.BMJ paediatrics open · 2025Article
- A Four-Gene Signature from Blood to Exclude Bacterial Etiology of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults.Research square · 2025Article
- A Rapid Host Response Blood Test for Bacterial/Viral Infection Discrimination Using a Portable Molecular Diagnostic Platform.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Antimicrobial prescribing practices for enteric bacterial infections in an integrated health care system, Wisconsin, 2004-2017.Journal of infection and public health · 2025Article
- Use of antibiotics in early life and development of diseases in childhood: nationwide registry study.BMJ medicine · 2025Article
71 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe use of antibiotics is the single most important driver in antibiotic resistance. Nevertheless, antibiotic overuse remains common. Decline in antibiotic prescribing in the United States coincided with the launch of national educational campaigns in the 1990s and other interventions, including the introduction of routine infant immunizations with the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7); however, it is unknown if these trends have been sustained through recent measurements.
methodsWe performed an analysis of nationally representative data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys from 2000 to 2010. Trends in population-based prescribing were examined for overall antibiotics, broad-spectrum antibiotics, antibiotics for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) and antibiotics prescribed during ARTI visits. Rates were reported for three age groups: children and adolescents (<18 years), adults (18 to 64 years), and older adults (≥65 years).
resultsAn estimated 1.4 billion antibiotics were dispensed over the study period. Overall antibiotic prescribing decreased 18% (risk ratio (RR) 0.82, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.72 to 0.94) among children and adolescents, remained unchanged for adults, and increased 30% (1.30, 1.14 to 1.49) among older adults. Rates of broad-spectrum antibiotic prescriptions doubled from 2000 to 2010 (2.11, 1.81 to 2.47). Proportions of broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing increased across all age groups: 79% (1.79, 1.52 to 2.11) for children and adolescents, 143% (2.43, 2.07 to 2.86) for adults and 68% (1.68, 1.45 to 1.94) for older adults. ARTI antibiotic prescribing decreased 57% (0.43, 0.35 to 0.52) among children and adolescents and 38% (0.62, 0.48 to 0.80) among adults; however, it remained unchanged among older adults. While the number of ARTI visits declined by 19%, patients with ARTI visits were more likely to receive an antibiotic (73% versus 64%; P <0.001) in 2010 than in 2000.
conclusionsAntibiotic use has decreased among children and adolescents, but has increased for older adults. Broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing continues to be on the rise. Public policy initiatives to promote the judicious use of antibiotics should continue and programs targeting older adults should be developed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.