ArticlePloS one2014
Metabolic disease risk in children by salivary biomarker analysis.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical and diagnostic utility of saliva as a non-invasive diagnostic fluid: a systematic review.Biochemia medica · 2015Pooled it
- The salivary microbiome is altered in the presence of a high salivary glucose concentration.PloS one · 2017Trial
- Salivary Versus Circulating Insulin in Humans: Quantitative Evidence and Validation Requirements.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Evaluation of the effect of obesity on oral health and halitosis in children.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- C-Reactive Protein in Saliva as a Non-Invasive Marker of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Association between childhood obesity, salivary adiponectin, and total dental caries experience (dmft + DMFT) in children: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Oral microbiome classification of elevated salivary glucose in a large adolescent Kuwaiti population.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- A Holistic Approach to Metabolic Health Assessment-Analysis of Bioimpedance, Blood, and Saliva Biochemistry in Population Studies-A Pilot Study.Metabolites · 2025Article
- Exploring Salivary Biomarkers in Pediatric Obesity: A Scoping Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool for Systemic Diseases-A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Differential Association of Salivary Proinflammatory Mediators with Type 2 Diabetes: A Network Meta-Analysis.Iranian journal of public health · 2024Review
- Article
- Serum and salivary adiponectin levels as predictive markers for diabetes mellitus in children with a family history of diabetes.Journal of medicine and life · 2023Article
- The Role of the Preanalytical Step for Human Saliva Analysis via Vibrational Spectroscopy.Metabolites · 2023Article
- The relationship between sleep and salivary and serum inflammatory biomarkers in adolescents.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Salivary phosphate as a biomarker for human diseases.FASEB bioAdvances · 2022Article
- Association between Frequency of Toothbrushing and Metabolic Syndrome among Adolescents: A 5-Year Follow-Up Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The Role of Salivary C-Reactive Protein in Systemic and Oral Disorders: A Systematic Review.Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · 2022Review
- Analysis of ghrelin, leptin, and interleukin-6 salivary concentration among children aged 7-10 years and its relationship with nutritional status and some anthropometric data.Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism · 2022Article
- Determination of salivary concentrations of leptin and adiponectin, ability to reduce ferric ions and total antioxidant capacity of saliva in patients with severe early childhood caries.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe study of obesity-related metabolic syndrome or Type 2 diabetes (T2D) in children is particularly difficult because of fear of needles. We tested a non-invasive approach to study inflammatory parameters in an at-risk population of children to provide proof-of-principle for future investigations of vulnerable subjects. DESIGN AND
methodsWe evaluated metabolic differences in 744, 11-year old children selected from underweight, normal healthy weight, overweight and obese categories by analyzing fasting saliva samples for 20 biomarkers. Saliva supernatants were obtained following centrifugation and used for analyses.
resultsSalivary C-reactive protein (CRP) was 6 times higher, salivary insulin and leptin were 3 times higher, and adiponectin was 30% lower in obese children compared to healthy normal weight children (all P<0.0001). Categorical analysis suggested that there might be three types of obesity in children. Distinctly inflammatory characteristics appeared in 76% of obese children while in 13%, salivary insulin was high but not associated with inflammatory mediators. The remaining 11% of obese children had high insulin and reduced adiponectin. Forty percent of the non-obese children were found in groups which, based on biomarker characteristics, may be at risk for becoming obese.
conclusionsSignificantly altered levels of salivary biomarkers in obese children from a high-risk population, suggest the potential for developing non-invasive screening procedures to identify T2D-vulnerable individuals and a means to test preventative strategies.
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Registered trials
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