Observational studyBMJ open2014
Association of birth of girls with postnatal depression and exclusive breastfeeding: an observational study.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Postpartum depression in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2017Pooled it
- Perinatal depression and breastfeeding: a longitudinal investigation of the bidirectional relationship in Pakistan.Archives of women's mental health · 2026Article
- The prevalence of postpartum depression and associated characteristics in fathers of newborns in Yazd City in 2023: A cross-sectional study.International journal of reproductive biomedicine · 2025Article
- Comparative analysis of machine learning versus traditional method for early detection of parental depression symptoms in the NICU.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Continuing breastfeeding for at least two years after birth in rural Vietnam: prevalence and psychosocial characteristics.International breastfeeding journal · 2021Article
- Observational
- Women's Mental Health as a Factor Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding and Breastfeeding Duration: Data from a Longitudinal Study in Greece.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Early Initiation of Breastfeeding and Its Associated Factors Among Mothers Who Delivered Vaginally in South Gondar Zone Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020.International journal of women's health · 2021Article
- Trends and Determinants of EBF among Adolescent Children Born to Adolescent Mothers in Rural Bangladesh.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Does the Mode of Conception Influence Early Postpartum Depression? A Prospective Comparative Study from South India.Indian journal of psychological medicine · 2020Article
- Prevalence and determinants of poor sleep quality and depression among postpartum women: a community-based study in Ramechhap district, Nepal.International health · 2020Article
- Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life and its associated factors among children age 6-24 months in Burao district, Somaliland.International breastfeeding journal · 2020Article
- Association of early life factors with dyslipidemia in children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-V study.Health promotion perspectives · 2020Article
- Cross-National Differences in Psychosocial Factors of Perinatal Depression: A Systematic Review of India and Japan.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2017Review
- Economic and Health Predictors of National Postpartum Depression Prevalence: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-Regression of 291 Studies from 56 Countries.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2017Article
- The outcomes of a frenulotomy on breastfeeding infants followed up for 3 months at Thammasat University Hospital.Pediatric surgery international · 2016Article
- Antenatal and postnatal depression: A public health perspective.Journal of neurosciences in rural practice · 2015Article
- Recognizing disability associated with perinatal depression as a precursor of women's rights violations under the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.Women's health (London, England)Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectives and hypothesisTo examine the influence of gender of the baby on exclusive breastfeeding and incidence of postnatal depression (PND). We hypothesise that in a society with a male gender bias there may be more PND and less exclusive breastfeeding of the girl child.
designProspective study.
settingThe study was conducted in an urban, tertiary hospital in Delhi.
participantsMothers delivering normally with their babies roomed-in.1537 eligible women participated in the study. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Exclusive breastfeeding within the first 48 h of life and score on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were recorded.
results3466 babies were born in the hospital. There were 792 girls for every 1000 boys. Among primiparous women, the sex ratio was 901 girls per 1000 boys. For second babies, the sex ratio was 737:1000. If the first child was a girl the birth ratio fell to 632. 1026 mothers were exclusively breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding of boys was significantly higher (70.8% vs 61.5%, p<0.001). The EPDS score was significantly higher with the birth of girls (EPDS 6.0±3.39 vs 5.4±2.87, p<0.01). Women with an EPDS score >11 were less likely to exclusively breastfeed (p<0.01).
conclusionsThe results point to a pro-male gender bias evidenced by a low sex ratio at birth, higher EPDS score in mothers of girls and less breastfeeding of female children.
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