SynthesisEnvironmental health perspectives2014
Outdoor particulate matter exposure and lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Environmental health perspectives, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 408 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
408 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A systematic review of environmentally persistent free radical (EPFR) formation, characteristics, and health effects: are there sufficient data for risk assessment?Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Factors associated with lung cancer among firefighters: a systematic literature review.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Mapping three decades of air pollution-lung cancer research: trends, hotspots, and networks (1990-2025).Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Environmental risk factors, protective factors and lifestyles for lung cancer: an umbrella review.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Air pollution and kidney cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of nephrology · 2024Pooled it
- Epidemiology of non-communicable diseases among professional drivers in LMICs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Health promotion international · 2024Pooled it
- Assessing the Global Impact of Ambient Air Pollution on Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis.JCO global oncology · 2024Pooled it
- Occupational exposure to diesel exhausts and liver and pancreatic cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of epidemiology · 2024Pooled it
- Long-term exposure to particulate matter on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Impacts of Outdoor Particulate Matter Exposure on the Incidence of Lung Cancer and Mortality.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Pooled it
- Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and the Risk of Chronic Liver Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Breathing in harm: current insights into the effects of air pollution on cardiorespiratory health.Medical gas research · 2027Review
- Carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment of Benzo[a]Pyrene Bound to PMEnvironmental toxicology · 2026Article
- Association between ambient air pollution and colorectal cancer risk: The Multiethnic Cohort Study.Environmental research · 2026Article
- Atmospheric Particulate Matter as a Carrier of Pb, Cd, and Ni: From Environmental Transfer and Bioaccessibility to Molecular Toxicity and Predictive Modeling.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Review
- No one is immune: neighborhood trends and disparities in air pollution exposure in the city of Chicago during summer 2023 wildfires.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Active Transport Health Model: Valuing the Health Benefits of Active Transport.Applied health economics and health policy · 2026Article
- Precision greenness exposure is associated with lung cancer risk in medicare beneficiaries.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2026Article
- Hallmarks of lung cancer driven by inhalable particulate matter: From cell-intrinsic oncogenic traits to microenvironment remodeling.Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.)) · 2026Review
- Inhaled Micro- and Nanoplastics as Environmental Modifiers of Lung Carcinogenesis: Mechanistic Insights and Evidence Synthesis.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Review
348 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundParticulate matter (PM) in outdoor air pollution was recently designated a Group I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). This determination was based on the evidence regarding the relationship of PM2.5 and PM10 to lung cancer risk; however, the IARC evaluation did not include a quantitative summary of the evidence.
objectiveOur goal was to provide a systematic review and quantitative summary of the evidence regarding the relationship between PM and lung cancer.
methodsWe conducted meta-analyses of studies examining the relationship of exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 with lung cancer incidence and mortality. In total, 18 studies met our inclusion criteria and provided the information necessary to estimate the change in lung cancer risk per 10-μg/m3 increase in exposure to PM. We used random-effects analyses to allow between-study variability to contribute to meta-estimates.
resultsThe meta-relative risk for lung cancer associated with PM2.5 was 1.09 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.14). The meta-relative risk of lung cancer associated with PM10 was similar, but less precise: 1.08 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.17). Estimates were robust to restriction to studies that considered potential confounders, as well as subanalyses by exposure assessment method. Analyses by smoking status showed that lung cancer risk associated with PM2.5 was greatest for former smokers [1.44 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.22)], followed by never-smokers [1.18 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.39)], and then current smokers [1.06 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.15)]. In addition, meta-estimates for adenocarcinoma associated with PM2.5 and PM10 were 1.40 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.83) and 1.29 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.63), respectively.
conclusionThe results of these analyses, and the decision of the IARC Working Group to classify PM and outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic (Group 1), further justify efforts to reduce exposures to air pollutants that can arise from many sources.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.