ArticleContraception2014
Pull and pray or extra protection? Contraceptive strategies involving withdrawal among US adult women.
Article in Contraception, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pornography Use and Coitus Interruptus: Is There a Link?Journal of health communication · 2025Article
- Neighborhood-level racialized socioeconomic deprivation and contraceptive use in the United States, 2011-2019.Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health · 2024Article
- Non-Hormonal Contraception.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Understanding contraceptive failure: an analysis of qualitative narratives.Women's reproductive health (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2023Article
- The Impact of Religious Participation and Religious Upbringing on the Sexual Behavior of Emerging Adults in the Southern United States.Sexuality & culture · 2022Article
- Use of concurrent multiple methods of contraception in the United States, 2008 to 2015.Contraception: X · 2021Article
- Contraceptive use among women through their later reproductive years: Findings from an Australian prospective cohort study.PloS one · 2021Article
- Trends in U.S. adolescent sexual behavior and contraceptive use, 2006-2019.Contraception: X · 2021Article
- Correlates of use of withdrawal for contraception among women in Vietnam.BMC women's health · 2020Article
- CE: An Evidence-Based Update on Contraception.The American journal of nursing · 2020Review
- Health insurance coverage and contraceptive use at the state level: findings from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.Contraception: X · 2020Article
- Change and stability in contraceptive use patterns among US women over a 12-month period: analysis using the 2013-2015 National Survey of Family Growth life history calendar.Contraception: X · 2020Article
- Dynamic Change Between Intimate Partner Violence and Contraceptive Use Over Time in Young Adult Men's and Women's Relationships.Journal of sex research · 2019Article
- Talking about male body-based contraceptives: The counseling visit and the feminization of contraception.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2018Article
- Contraceptive method use in the United States: trends and characteristics between 2008, 2012 and 2014.Contraception · 2018Article
- The Complexity of Multiple Contraceptive Method Use and the Anxiety That Informs It: Implications for Theory and Practice.Archives of sexual behavior · 2016Article
- Which young adults are most likely to use withdrawal? The importance of pregnancy attitudes and sexual pleasure.Contraception · 2015Article
- Patterns of Contraceptive Consistency among Young Adult Women in Southeastern Michigan: Longitudinal Findings Based on Journal Data.Women's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's HealthArticle
- The Sexual Acceptability of Contraception: Reviewing the Literature and Building a New Concept.Journal of sex researchReview
- Are Uncertain Fertility Intentions a Temporary or Long-term Outlook? Findings from a Panel Study.Women's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's HealthArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveResearch assessing contraceptive use often focuses on the most effective method used and suggests that very few women rely on withdrawal. We adopted a new measurement strategy in an attempt to measure contraceptive practices and withdrawal in particular. STUDY
designWe collected data from a national sample of 4634 US women aged 18-39; the survey was administered online in November and December 2012. We obtained information about recent use of hormonal methods and coital methods using two separate items, and we placed withdrawal first on the list of coital methods. The analysis examines several measures of withdrawal use in the last 30 days: most effective method used, any use, use with other methods and withdrawal "method mix."
resultsAmong women at risk of unintended pregnancy, 13% reported that withdrawal was the most effective method used in the last 30 days, but 33% had used withdrawal at least once. Most women who used withdrawal had also used a hormonal or long-acting method (13% of the sample) or condoms (11%) in the last 30 days, and a minority reported using only withdrawal (12%). Younger women, women in dating relationships and women strongly motivated to avoid pregnancy had some of the highest levels of "dual" use of withdrawal with condoms or highly effective methods.
conclusionMany women and couples in our sample used withdrawal in combination, or rotation, with condoms and highly effective methods. Findings suggest that some people who use withdrawal may be more versus less vigilant about pregnancy prevention. IMPLICATIONS: Health care providers who discuss contraception should include withdrawal in these conversations. A substantial minority of individuals has used it recently, and many appear to be using it as a backup or secondary method. If dual use were more widespread, it could help reduce the incidence of unintended pregnancy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.