ArticlePain2014
Inflammation and inflammatory control in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: Associations with painful symptoms.
Article in Pain, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bladder pain syndrome and sexual function: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International urogynecology journal · 2023Pooled it
- The negative effect of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome on female sexual function: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International urogynecology journal · 2019Pooled it
- Diurnal cortisol slopes and mental and physical health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2017Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pilot Study of Cannabidiol for Treatment of Aromatase Inhibitor-Associated Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Breast Cancer.Cancer medicine · 2025Trial
- Exploration and experimental validation of oxidative stress-related diagnostic genes in interstitial cystitis based on transcriptomics.Translational andrology and urology · 2026Article
- Emerging roles of combined curcumin and berberine in disease modulation: a comprehensive review of mechanisms and therapeutic relevance.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Animal Models of Hunner-Type Interstitial Cystitis.International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association · 2026Review
- Exploring promising biomarkers based on pathogenic mechanisms in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome.Nature reviews. Urology · 2026Review
- Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 expression associates with pain and inflammatory pathways in interstitial cystitis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Advances in Cytokines and Inflammatory Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Urinary Biomarkers for Radiation Cystitis: Current Insights and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Transcriptome profiling suggests molecular sexual dimorphism in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia and sex-specific mechanisms underlying visceral pain.Physiological genomics · 2026Article
- Psychological and Behavioral Contributors to Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: Trauma, Stress, and Neurobiological Pathways.Current bladder dysfunction reports · 2026Review
- Signaling pathways related to interstitial cystitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Integrating biomarker clustering for improved diagnosis of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: a review.International urology and nephrology · 2025Review
- Article
- Exploring the therapeutic potential of PACAP in Hunner-type Interstitial Cystitis.World journal of urology · 2025Article
- Unstimulated inflammatory activity is associated with treatment response to cognitive-behavioral therapy for urologic chronic pelvic pain.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2025Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are known to play a role in chronic pain, from animal models and limited research in humans, but their role in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is unknown. Similarly, alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis have been reported in some pain conditions. Our objectives were to identify inflammatory processes that might distinguish individuals with IC/BPS from healthy controls (HC) and to examine their associations with IC/BPS symptoms. Female participants (58IC/BPS patients and 28HCs) completed pain and urinary symptom questionnaires and collected saliva for cortisol as part of the Multidisciplinary Approach to Pelvic Pain study. Inflammatory cytokines were assayed in plasma, and in TLR-2- and TLR-4-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Controlling for BMI and negative affect, between-group differences were analyzed by general linear models, and relationships between symptoms and inflammatory variables were analyzed by regression. Compared to HCs, IC/BPS patients had higher levels of plasma interleukin-6 (P=.040), greater interleukin-1β responsive to TLR-2 stimulation (P=.040), and flatter diurnal cortisol slopes (P=.010), indicating inflammatory dysregulation. In IC/BPS patients, inflammation after TLR-4 stimulation was associated with multiple symptoms, including genitourinary pain (P=.010), sexual pain (P=.002), and marginally with urinary symptoms (P=.068). Genitourinary pain severity (P=.008), frequency (P=.001), and pain with intercourse (P=.002) were strongly associated with TLR-4 inflammatory response. TLR-4 appears to play a central role in painful symptoms of IC/BPS patients, which may be linked to poor endogenous inflammatory control. These findings may help to identify new mechanisms in IC/BPS and lead to new therapeutic approaches.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.