ArticleNeurology2014
Antiretroviral penetration into the CNS and incidence of AIDS-defining neurologic conditions.
Article in Neurology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Antiretroviral Therapy Intensification for Neurocognitive Impairment in Human Immunodeficiency Virus.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Trial
- HIV expression persists in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders despite effective ART.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- A novel measure of antiretroviral activity in cerebrospinal fluid and association with HIV persistence and cognitive function.AIDS (London, England) · 2026Article
- Assessing cognitive impairment in HIV-infected: a comparative study of international HIV Dementia Scale, HIV Dementia Scale Italian version and Montreal cognitive assessment in clinical practice.Journal of neurovirology · 2025Article
- Critical Care Pharmacology of Antiretroviral Therapy in Adults.European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics · 2025Review
- HIV Cerebrospinal Fluid Escape: Interventions for the Management, Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Review
- Advances in assessment and cognitive neurorehabilitation of HIV-related neurocognitive impairment.Brain communications · 2025Review
- ROS Chronicles in HIV Infection: Genesis of Oxidative Stress, Associated Pathologies, and Therapeutic Strategies.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
- Upregulation of the NKG2D Ligand ULBP2 by JC Polyomavirus Infection Promotes Immune Recognition by Natural Killer Cells.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: A Look into Cellular and Molecular Pathology.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Antiretroviral drugs from multiple classes induce loss of excitatory synapses between hippocampal neurons in culture.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Correlation of HIV-Induced Neuroinflammation and Synaptopathy with Impairment of Learning and Memory in Mice with HAND.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Antiretroviral drugs efavirenz, dolutegravir and bictegravir dysregulate blood-brain barrier integrity and function.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Effect of Chinese herbal medicine therapy on risks of all-cause mortality, infections, parasites, and circulatory-related mortality in HIV/AIDS patients with neurological diseases.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Association of combination antiretroviral therapy with risk of neurological diseases in patients with HIV/AIDS in Taiwan: a nested case-control study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- CNS efficacy parameters of combination antiretroviral therapy in chronic HIV infection: A multi-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Longitudinal Effects of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy on Cognition and Neuroimaging Biomarkers in Treatment-Naive People With HIV.Neurology · 2022Article
- Multimodal magnetic resonance neuroimaging measures characteristic of early cART-treated pediatric HIV: A feature selection approach.Human brain mapping · 2022Article
- Neuropathogenesis of HIV and emerging therapeutic targets.Expert opinion on therapeutic targets · 2022Review
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
25 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe link between CNS penetration of antiretrovirals and AIDS-defining neurologic disorders remains largely unknown.
methodsHIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy-naive individuals in the HIV-CAUSAL Collaboration who started an antiretroviral regimen were classified according to the CNS Penetration Effectiveness (CPE) score of their initial regimen into low (<8), medium (8-9), or high (>9) CPE score. We estimated "intention-to-treat" hazard ratios of 4 neuroAIDS conditions for baseline regimens with high and medium CPE scores compared with regimens with a low score. We used inverse probability weighting to adjust for potential bias due to infrequent follow-up.
resultsA total of 61,938 individuals were followed for a median (interquartile range) of 37 (18, 70) months. During follow-up, there were 235 cases of HIV dementia, 169 cases of toxoplasmosis, 128 cases of cryptococcal meningitis, and 141 cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for initiating a combined antiretroviral therapy regimen with a high vs low CPE score was 1.74 (1.15, 2.65) for HIV dementia, 0.90 (0.50, 1.62) for toxoplasmosis, 1.13 (0.61, 2.11) for cryptococcal meningitis, and 1.32 (0.71, 2.47) for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The respective hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for a medium vs low CPE score were 1.01 (0.73, 1.39), 0.80 (0.56, 1.15), 1.08 (0.73, 1.62), and 1.08 (0.73, 1.58).
conclusionsWe estimated that initiation of a combined antiretroviral therapy regimen with a high CPE score increases the risk of HIV dementia, but not of other neuroAIDS conditions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.