ArticleAutophagy2014
Itraconazole suppresses the growth of glioblastoma through induction of autophagy: involvement of abnormal cholesterol trafficking.
Article in Autophagy, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 174 citations in OpenAlex.
- Targeting autophagy for combating chemoresistance and radioresistance in glioblastoma.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2018Pooled it
- Article
- From fungus fighter to cancer slayer: itraconazole as a multifaceted candidate for drug-resistant prostate cancer.Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases · 2026Review
- Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights.RSC advances · 2026Review
- Repurposing Itraconazole in Combination with Chemotherapy and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor for Cancer.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Comprehensive pan-cancer analysis and experimental verification of the roles of SCP2 in colon adenocarcinoma.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- In silico drug sensitivity predicts subgroup-specific therapeutics in medulloblastoma patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Propiconazole-Induced Testis Damage and MAPK-Mediated Apoptosis and Autophagy in Germ Cells.Cells · 2025Article
- Potential Benefits of Adding Alendronate, Celecoxib, Itraconazole, Ramelteon, and Simvastatin to Endometrial Cancer Treatment: The EC5 Regimen.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Itraconazole inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to induce tumor-associated macrophages polarization to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy in endometrial cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Itraconazole promotes melanoma cells apoptosis via inhibiting hedgehog signaling pathway-mediated autophagy.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Ivermectin inhibits the growth of ESCC by activating the ATF4-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress-autophagy pathway.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2024Article
- DDX3X dynamics, glioblastoma's genetic landscape, therapeutic advances, and autophagic interplay.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2024Review
- Ivermectin induces nonprotective autophagy by downregulating PAK1 and apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma cells.Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology · 2024Article
- Article
- Cholesterol metabolism in tumor microenvironment: cancer hallmarks and therapeutic opportunities.International journal of biological sciences · 2024Review
- Multiplex immunohistochemistry defines two cholesterol metabolism patterns predicting immunotherapeutic outcomes in gastric cancer.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- Repurposing approved non-oncology drugs for cancer therapy: a comprehensive review of mechanisms, efficacy, and clinical prospects.European journal of medical research · 2023Review
- Autophagy Regulators in Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Non-self glycan structures as possible modulators of cancer progression: would polysaccharides from Cryptococcus spp. impact this phenomenon?Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2023Review
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive human cancers with poor prognosis, and therefore a critical need exists for novel therapeutic strategies for management of glioblastoma patients. Itraconazole, a traditional antifungal drug, has been identified as a novel potential anticancer agent due to its inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis; however, the molecular mechanisms involved are still unclear. Here, we show that itraconazole inhibits the proliferation of glioblastoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, we demonstrate that treatment with itraconazole induces autophagic progression in glioblastoma cells, while blockage of autophagy markedly reverses the antiproliferative activities of itraconazole, suggesting an antitumor effect of autophagy in response to itraconazole treatment. Functional studies revealed that itraconazole retarded the trafficking of cholesterol from late endosomes and lysosomes to the plasma membrane by reducing the levels of SCP2, resulting in repression of AKT1-MTOR signaling, induction of autophagy, and finally inhibition of cell proliferation. Together, our studies provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms regarding the antitumor activities of itraconazole, and may further assist both the pharmacological investigation and rational use of itraconazole in potential clinical applications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.